{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313037440","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2352/ei.2022.34.8.image-255","title":"VR facial expression tracking via action unit intensity regression model","display_name":"VR facial expression tracking via action unit intensity regression model","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313037440","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2352/ei.2022.34.8.image-255"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2352/ei.2022.34.8.image-255","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2352/ei.2022.34.8.image-255","pdf_url":"https://library.imaging.org/admin/apis/public/api/ist/website/downloadArticle/ei/34/8/IMAGE-255","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227276","display_name":"Electronic Imaging","issn_l":"2470-1173","issn":["2470-1173"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electronic Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://library.imaging.org/admin/apis/public/api/ist/website/downloadArticle/ei/34/8/IMAGE-255","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017116027","display_name":"Xiaoyu Ji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1101-0007"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyu Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Elmore School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, U.S.A;"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Elmore School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, U.S.A;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001873396","display_name":"Justin Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2881-4906"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Justin Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Elmore School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, U.S.A;"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Elmore School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, U.S.A;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111899847","display_name":"Jishang Wei","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jishang Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["HP Labs, Palo Alto, CA 94304, U.S.A"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HP Labs, Palo Alto, CA 94304, U.S.A","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114039009","display_name":"Yvonne Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yvonne Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["HP Labs, Palo Alto, CA 94304, U.S.A"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HP Labs, Palo Alto, CA 94304, U.S.A","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100659445","display_name":"Qian Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7034-7331"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qian Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["HP Labs, Palo Alto, CA 94304, U.S.A"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HP Labs, Palo Alto, CA 94304, U.S.A","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043967979","display_name":"Jan P. Allebach","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5608-8249"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jan P. Allebach","raw_affiliation_strings":["Elmore School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, U.S.A;"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Elmore School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, U.S.A;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001380619","display_name":"Fengqing Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3863-3220"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fengqing Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Elmore School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, U.S.A;"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Elmore School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, U.S.A;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017116027"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5038,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64734056,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"8","first_page":"255","last_page":"1"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9728000164031982,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9728000164031982,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9377999901771545,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.919700026512146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/headset","display_name":"Headset","score":0.919532299041748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7647204399108887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-motion-capture","display_name":"Facial motion capture","score":0.7208619117736816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.7005143761634827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/animation","display_name":"Animation","score":0.6865328550338745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6736277341842651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6259176135063171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-appearance-model","display_name":"Active appearance model","score":0.6141653060913086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.558927059173584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expression","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","score":0.551517128944397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-facial-animation","display_name":"Computer facial animation","score":0.5415748357772827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.4846247136592865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.47078102827072144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.4334481358528137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-animation","display_name":"Computer animation","score":0.41379958391189575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.341820627450943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.23353493213653564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.17612487077713013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.17156699299812317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.07231739163398743}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780657452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193170","display_name":"Headset","level":2,"score":0.919532299041748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7647204399108887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98907195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428562","display_name":"Facial motion capture","level":5,"score":0.7208619117736816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.7005143761634827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C502989409","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11425","display_name":"Animation","level":2,"score":0.6865328550338745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6736277341842651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6259176135063171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83248878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q344000","display_name":"Active appearance model","level":3,"score":0.6141653060913086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.558927059173584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90559484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778379","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.551517128944397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138591656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5157538","display_name":"Computer facial animation","level":4,"score":0.5415748357772827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.4846247136592865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.47078102827072144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.4334481358528137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69369342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1401416","display_name":"Computer animation","level":3,"score":0.41379958391189575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.341820627450943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.23353493213653564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.17612487077713013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.17156699299812317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.07231739163398743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2352/ei.2022.34.8.image-255","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2352/ei.2022.34.8.image-255","pdf_url":"https://library.imaging.org/admin/apis/public/api/ist/website/downloadArticle/ei/34/8/IMAGE-255","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227276","display_name":"Electronic Imaging","issn_l":"2470-1173","issn":["2470-1173"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electronic Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2352/ei.2022.34.8.image-255","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2352/ei.2022.34.8.image-255","pdf_url":"https://library.imaging.org/admin/apis/public/api/ist/website/downloadArticle/ei/34/8/IMAGE-255","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227276","display_name":"Electronic Imaging","issn_l":"2470-1173","issn":["2470-1173"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electronic Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4300000071525574,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313037440.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313037440.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W190038420","https://openalex.org/W788203010","https://openalex.org/W1588539311","https://openalex.org/W1628541567","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1968600824","https://openalex.org/W1977148657","https://openalex.org/W2009698817","https://openalex.org/W2039239232","https://openalex.org/W2051297709","https://openalex.org/W2097365005","https://openalex.org/W2103943262","https://openalex.org/W2160126058","https://openalex.org/W2274287116","https://openalex.org/W2277958045","https://openalex.org/W2347227384","https://openalex.org/W2465108587","https://openalex.org/W2556634673","https://openalex.org/W2605338417","https://openalex.org/W2605701576","https://openalex.org/W2724359148","https://openalex.org/W2785124307","https://openalex.org/W2796438033","https://openalex.org/W2799685664","https://openalex.org/W2811426698","https://openalex.org/W2904483377","https://openalex.org/W2925387383","https://openalex.org/W2957926190","https://openalex.org/W2958880807","https://openalex.org/W2963125010","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2964014798","https://openalex.org/W2964327872","https://openalex.org/W2964349401","https://openalex.org/W2964350391","https://openalex.org/W2968614444","https://openalex.org/W2968749391","https://openalex.org/W3035542935","https://openalex.org/W3048475000","https://openalex.org/W4239072543","https://openalex.org/W4381135281","https://openalex.org/W4385490328","https://openalex.org/W4391602018","https://openalex.org/W6622638115","https://openalex.org/W6660043664","https://openalex.org/W6676297131","https://openalex.org/W6736212346","https://openalex.org/W6736221584","https://openalex.org/W6753671699","https://openalex.org/W6762585180","https://openalex.org/W6765784788"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1544039745","https://openalex.org/W2748502319","https://openalex.org/W2401874398","https://openalex.org/W2165663879","https://openalex.org/W2906438086","https://openalex.org/W615219140","https://openalex.org/W4385825592","https://openalex.org/W2188148675","https://openalex.org/W2096968018","https://openalex.org/W3040900128"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Virtual":[0],"Reality":[1],"(VR)":[2],"Head-Mounted":[3],"Displays":[4],"(HMDs),":[5],"also":[6],"known":[7],"as":[8,74],"VR":[9,31,93,101,129],"headsets,":[10],"are":[11,79,122],"powerful":[12],"devices":[13],"that":[14],"provide":[15,85],"interaction":[16],"between":[17],"people":[18],"and":[19,97],"the":[20,33,38,50,67,89,125],"virtual":[21],"3D":[22],"world":[23],"generated":[24],"by":[25,124],"a":[26,63,106,144],"computer.":[27],"For":[28],"an":[29,86],"immersive":[30],"experience,":[32],"realistic":[34],"facial":[35,43,54,94,117],"animation":[36],"of":[37,49,53,66,88,92],"participant":[39],"is":[40,71],"crucial.":[41],"However,":[42],"expression":[44,95,102,110],"tracking":[45,58,96,111],"has":[46],"been":[47],"one":[48],"major":[51],"challenges":[52],"animation.":[55],"Existing":[56],"face":[57],"methods":[59],"often":[60],"rely":[61],"on":[62],"statistical":[64],"model":[65],"entire":[68],"face,":[69],"which":[70,121],"not":[72],"feasible":[73],"occlusions":[75],"arising":[76],"from":[77,112,143],"HMDs":[78],"inevitable.":[80],"In":[81],"this":[82],"paper,":[83],"we":[84],"overview":[87],"current":[90],"state":[91],"discuss":[98],"bottlenecks":[99],"for":[100,109,139],"re-targeting.":[103],"We":[104],"introduce":[105],"baseline":[107],"method":[108],"single":[113,145],"view,":[114],"partially":[115],"occluded":[116],"infrared":[118],"(IR)":[119],"images,":[120],"captured":[123],"HP":[126],"reverb":[127],"G2":[128],"headset":[130],"camera.":[131],"The":[132],"experiment":[133],"shows":[134],"good":[135],"visual":[136],"prediction":[137],"results":[138],"mouth":[140],"region":[141],"expressions":[142],"person.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
