{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2405415974","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2352/cic.2013.21.1.art00033","title":"Metameric Observers: A Monte Carlo Approach","display_name":"Metameric Observers: A Monte Carlo Approach","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2405415974","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2352/cic.2013.21.1.art00033","mag":"2405415974"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2352/cic.2013.21.1.art00033","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2352/cic.2013.21.1.art00033","pdf_url":"https://library.imaging.org/admin/apis/public/api/ist/website/downloadArticle/cic/21/1/art00033","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193667","display_name":"Color and Imaging Conference","issn_l":"2166-9635","issn":["2166-9635","2169-2629"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Color and Imaging Conference","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://library.imaging.org/admin/apis/public/api/ist/website/downloadArticle/cic/21/1/art00033","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044729411","display_name":"Mark D. Fairchild","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1848-3429"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155173764","display_name":"Rochester Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00v4yb702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mark D. Fairchild","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rochester Institute of Technology , Rochester , New York 14623"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rochester Institute of Technology , Rochester , New York 14623","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044859440","display_name":"Rodney L. Heckaman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155173764","display_name":"Rochester Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00v4yb702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rodney L. Heckaman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rochester Institute of Technology , Rochester , New York 14623"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rochester Institute of Technology , Rochester , New York 14623","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044729411"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9296,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74983723,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"1","first_page":"185","last_page":"190"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11666","display_name":"Color Science and Applications","score":0.9865999817848206,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12496","display_name":"Color perception and design","score":0.9760000109672546,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standard-illuminant","display_name":"Standard illuminant","score":0.9010496139526367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observer","display_name":"Observer (physics)","score":0.7927420139312744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5894535183906555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5230520963668823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5015490055084229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-method","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","score":0.482077419757843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.4671781659126282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.4612281620502472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.34729519486427307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.14997336268424988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.14936178922653198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.08073461055755615}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129112856","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q375479","display_name":"Standard illuminant","level":2,"score":0.9010496139526367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780704645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9251458","display_name":"Observer (physics)","level":2,"score":0.7927420139312744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5894535183906555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5230520963668823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5015490055084229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.482077419757843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4671781659126282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.4612281620502472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.34729519486427307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.14997336268424988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.14936178922653198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.08073461055755615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2352/cic.2013.21.1.art00033","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2352/cic.2013.21.1.art00033","pdf_url":"https://library.imaging.org/admin/apis/public/api/ist/website/downloadArticle/cic/21/1/art00033","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193667","display_name":"Color and Imaging Conference","issn_l":"2166-9635","issn":["2166-9635","2169-2629"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Color and Imaging Conference","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2352/cic.2013.21.1.art00033","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2352/cic.2013.21.1.art00033","pdf_url":"https://library.imaging.org/admin/apis/public/api/ist/website/downloadArticle/cic/21/1/art00033","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193667","display_name":"Color and Imaging Conference","issn_l":"2166-9635","issn":["2166-9635","2169-2629"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Color and Imaging Conference","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4300000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2405415974.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2405415974.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2071599043"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2975200075","https://openalex.org/W2007544051","https://openalex.org/W2134180190","https://openalex.org/W1837097281","https://openalex.org/W1966410754","https://openalex.org/W1995875282","https://openalex.org/W2363840281","https://openalex.org/W2325242284","https://openalex.org/W2071793219","https://openalex.org/W2789220062"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"No":[0],"two":[1,13,23,38],"observers":[2,59],"perceive":[3],"color":[4,99],"the":[5,10,30,34,37,45,70,76,83,98],"same.":[6],"To":[7],"one":[8],"observer,":[9],"colors":[11,35],"of":[12,33,36,44,57,85,91,101],"objects":[14,24,92],"might":[15,25,93],"match":[16,27],"perfectly;":[17],"yet":[18],"to":[19,62],"another,":[20],"those":[21],"same":[22],"not":[26],"depending":[28],"on":[29],"spectral":[31,47],"characteristics":[32,74],"objects,":[39],"their":[40],"illuminant,":[41],"and":[42],"each":[43,102],"observer's":[46],"eye":[48],"response.":[49],"Here":[50],"we":[51,80],"create":[52],"a":[53],"large,":[54],"representative":[55],"group":[56],"such":[58],"&#x2013;":[60],"said":[61],"be":[63,94,105],"metameric":[64,89],"-":[65],"from":[66],"data":[67],"that":[68,82,97],"characterizes":[69],"variability":[71],"in":[72],"these":[73],"over":[75],"human":[77],"population.":[78],"Further,":[79],"show":[81],"degree":[84],"mismatch":[86],"between":[87],"any":[88],"pair":[90],"large":[95],"enough":[96],"naming":[100],"object":[103],"can":[104],"different":[106],"for":[107],"certain":[108],"observers.":[109]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-14T06:41:57.775601","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
