{"id":"https://openalex.org/W85665243","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2352/cic.2006.14.1.art00049","title":"Effect of spatial structure on visual tolerance","display_name":"Effect of spatial structure on visual tolerance","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W85665243","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2352/cic.2006.14.1.art00049","mag":"85665243"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2352/cic.2006.14.1.art00049","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/cic.2006.14.1.art00049","pdf_url":"https://library.imaging.org/admin/apis/public/api/ist/website/downloadArticle/cic/14/1/art00049","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193667","display_name":"Color and Imaging Conference","issn_l":"2166-9635","issn":["2166-9635","2169-2629"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Color and Imaging Conference","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://library.imaging.org/admin/apis/public/api/ist/website/downloadArticle/cic/14/1/art00049","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100371368","display_name":"Qing Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7919-5159"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112368","display_name":"National Centre for Atmospheric Science","ror":"https://ror.org/01wwwe276","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141816643","https://openalex.org/I4210087105","https://openalex.org/I4210112368"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Q Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Colour Design Technology , University of Leeds ( UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Colour Design Technology , University of Leeds ( UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112368"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"TLV Cheung","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112368","display_name":"National Centre for Atmospheric Science","ror":"https://ror.org/01wwwe276","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141816643","https://openalex.org/I4210087105","https://openalex.org/I4210112368"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"TLV Cheung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Colour Design Technology , University of Leeds ( UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Colour Design Technology , University of Leeds ( UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112368"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025289458","display_name":"Stephen Westland","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3480-4755"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112368","display_name":"National Centre for Atmospheric Science","ror":"https://ror.org/01wwwe276","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141816643","https://openalex.org/I4210087105","https://openalex.org/I4210112368"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S Westland","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Colour Design Technology , University of Leeds ( UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Colour Design Technology , University of Leeds ( UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112368"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100371368"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112368"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00633088,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"1","first_page":"268","last_page":"272"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11666","display_name":"Color Science and Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11666","display_name":"Color Science and Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12496","display_name":"Color perception and design","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.9868000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/basis","display_name":"Basis (linear algebra)","score":0.8673006296157837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/basis-function","display_name":"Basis function","score":0.6605148315429688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.6192952394485474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.5782793164253235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5030698180198669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.48232218623161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.44616594910621643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-frequency","display_name":"Spatial frequency","score":0.41572698950767517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3683539927005768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.35788482427597046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3383616805076599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.2526211142539978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.229977548122406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.2193920612335205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.07500216364860535}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12426560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189569","display_name":"Basis (linear algebra)","level":2,"score":0.8673006296157837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5917680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2621825","display_name":"Basis function","level":2,"score":0.6605148315429688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.6192952394485474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.5782793164253235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5030698180198669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.48232218623161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.44616594910621643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100921725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1650811","display_name":"Spatial frequency","level":2,"score":0.41572698950767517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3683539927005768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.35788482427597046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3383616805076599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.2526211142539978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.229977548122406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.2193920612335205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.07500216364860535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2352/cic.2006.14.1.art00049","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/cic.2006.14.1.art00049","pdf_url":"https://library.imaging.org/admin/apis/public/api/ist/website/downloadArticle/cic/14/1/art00049","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193667","display_name":"Color and Imaging Conference","issn_l":"2166-9635","issn":["2166-9635","2169-2629"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Color and Imaging Conference","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2352/cic.2006.14.1.art00049","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/cic.2006.14.1.art00049","pdf_url":"https://library.imaging.org/admin/apis/public/api/ist/website/downloadArticle/cic/14/1/art00049","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193667","display_name":"Color and Imaging Conference","issn_l":"2166-9635","issn":["2166-9635","2169-2629"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Color and Imaging Conference","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W85665243.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W85665243.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W652294226","https://openalex.org/W777434871","https://openalex.org/W1987721959","https://openalex.org/W2025703792","https://openalex.org/W2031666665","https://openalex.org/W2035912487","https://openalex.org/W2066603486","https://openalex.org/W2164497427","https://openalex.org/W2165739276","https://openalex.org/W2401075589"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2006953814","https://openalex.org/W2542637001","https://openalex.org/W1972782945","https://openalex.org/W3212981098","https://openalex.org/W4221090543","https://openalex.org/W2130622405","https://openalex.org/W2109887391","https://openalex.org/W1748978355","https://openalex.org/W1819996744","https://openalex.org/W2886533026"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"It":[0],"is":[1,24,43,48,106,163,210],"known":[2,143],"that":[3,50,77,87,153,173],"the":[4,51,63,67,88,93,148,214,220],"reflectance":[5],"spectra":[6,96],"of":[7,29,39,53,66,95,118,125,135,150,207,216,222],"both":[8],"natural":[9,161,187],"and":[10,103],"man-made":[11],"surfaces":[12],"may":[13],"be":[14,129,145,155],"represented":[15],"efficiently":[16],"using":[17],"linear":[18,31,68],"models.":[19],"A":[20,168],"key":[21],"question,":[22],"however,":[23,45],"how":[25],"many":[26,112],"basis":[27,54,81,126,176,203,223],"functions":[28,55,82,127,177,224],"a":[30,36,59,158],"model":[32],"are":[33,122,142],"necessary":[34],"for":[35,111],"given":[37],"accuracy":[38],"representation.":[40],"The":[41,205],"question":[42],"ill-posed,":[44],"since":[46,131],"it":[47,74,105],"understood":[49],"number":[52,221],"required":[56,84,130,225],"depends":[57],"to":[58,85,108,144,211,226],"great":[60],"extent":[61],"on":[62,179,219],"intended":[64],"application":[65],"model.":[69],"However,":[70,147],"in":[71,92,139,157,183],"one":[72],"study":[73,171,209],"was":[75,97],"shown":[76],"more":[78,138],"than":[79,99],"six":[80,124],"were":[83,189,199],"ensure":[86],"largest":[89],"colour":[90,121,133,151],"difference":[91,152],"set":[94],"less":[98],"1.0":[100],"CIELAB":[101,132,184],"unit":[102,181],"therefore":[104],"reasonable":[107],"assume":[109],"that,":[110],"applications":[113],"where":[114],"relatively":[115],"large":[116],"patches":[117],"spatially":[119],"uniform":[120],"present,":[123],"will":[128],"differences":[134],"unity":[136],"or":[137,160],"such":[140],"circumstances":[141],"noticeable.":[146],"magnitude":[149],"would":[154],"visible":[156],"complex":[159],"image":[162],"not":[164],"so":[165],"well":[166],"established.":[167],"recent":[169],"psychophysical":[170],"demonstrated":[172],"although":[174],"five":[175],"produced":[178],"average":[180],"error":[182],"space,":[185],"original":[186],"images":[188],"psychophysically":[190,212],"indistinguishable":[191],"from":[192],"their":[193],"linear-model":[194],"approximations":[195],"only":[196],"if":[197],"there":[198],"at":[200],"least":[201],"8":[202],"functions.":[204],"aim":[206],"this":[208],"investigate":[213],"effect":[215],"spatial":[217],"structure":[218],"colorimetrically":[227],"reproduce":[228],"spectral":[229],"images.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}