{"id":"https://openalex.org/W25418950","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2352/cic.1997.5.1.art00043","title":"Analysis and Improvement of Multi-Scale Retinex","display_name":"Analysis and Improvement of Multi-Scale Retinex","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W25418950","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2352/cic.1997.5.1.art00043","mag":"25418950"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2352/cic.1997.5.1.art00043","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2352/cic.1997.5.1.art00043","pdf_url":"https://library.imaging.org/admin/apis/public/api/ist/website/downloadArticle/cic/5/1/art00043","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193667","display_name":"Color and Imaging Conference","issn_l":"2166-9635","issn":["2166-9635","2169-2629"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Color and Imaging Conference","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://library.imaging.org/admin/apis/public/api/ist/website/downloadArticle/cic/5/1/art00043","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082471157","display_name":"Kobus Barnard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8568-9518"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I18014758","display_name":"Simon Fraser University","ror":"https://ror.org/0213rcc28","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I18014758"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kobus Barnard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraser University Burnaby , BC , Canada","Simon Fraser University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraser University Burnaby , BC , Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18014758"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Simon Fraser University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18014758"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031537118","display_name":"Brian Funt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3525-9197"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I18014758","display_name":"Simon Fraser University","ror":"https://ror.org/0213rcc28","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I18014758"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian Funt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Simon Fraser University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Simon Fraser University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18014758"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082471157"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18014758"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4697,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":42,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63203931,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"1","first_page":"221","last_page":"226"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11666","display_name":"Color Science and Applications","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/color-constancy","display_name":"Color constancy","score":0.88450026512146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chromaticity","display_name":"Chromaticity","score":0.6345214247703552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6118468046188354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fidelity","display_name":"Fidelity","score":0.6047694087028503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoupling","display_name":"Decoupling (probability)","score":0.5849596858024597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contrast","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","score":0.5596689581871033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5347342491149902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/color-balance","display_name":"Color balance","score":0.5129129886627197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5091564059257507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.46597954630851746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.39086630940437317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.3344007134437561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.29687896370887756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/color-image","display_name":"Color image","score":0.20788919925689697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09970280528068542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.07235407829284668}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187888035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2563885","display_name":"Color constancy","level":3,"score":0.88450026512146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201780734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5069880","display_name":"Chromaticity","level":2,"score":0.6345214247703552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6118468046188354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776459999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2119376","display_name":"Fidelity","level":2,"score":0.6047694087028503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205606062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5249645","display_name":"Decoupling (probability)","level":2,"score":0.5849596858024597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.5596689581871033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5347342491149902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159784718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182571","display_name":"Color balance","level":5,"score":0.5129129886627197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5091564059257507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.46597954630851746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.39086630940437317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3344007134437561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.29687896370887756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142616399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5148604","display_name":"Color image","level":4,"score":0.20788919925689697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09970280528068542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.07235407829284668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2352/cic.1997.5.1.art00043","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2352/cic.1997.5.1.art00043","pdf_url":"https://library.imaging.org/admin/apis/public/api/ist/website/downloadArticle/cic/5/1/art00043","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193667","display_name":"Color and Imaging Conference","issn_l":"2166-9635","issn":["2166-9635","2169-2629"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Color and Imaging Conference","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.11.2346","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.11.2346","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.sfu.ca/%7Ecolour/publications/IST-97/IST-97.ps.gz","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2352/cic.1997.5.1.art00043","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2352/cic.1997.5.1.art00043","pdf_url":"https://library.imaging.org/admin/apis/public/api/ist/website/downloadArticle/cic/5/1/art00043","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193667","display_name":"Color and Imaging Conference","issn_l":"2166-9635","issn":["2166-9635","2169-2629"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Color and Imaging Conference","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2165548363","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Canada","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8284766523","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(NSERC)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W25418950.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W25418950.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W52437429","https://openalex.org/W58069391","https://openalex.org/W1487769920","https://openalex.org/W1832193617","https://openalex.org/W2041108420","https://openalex.org/W2060488209","https://openalex.org/W2064239615","https://openalex.org/W2080713489","https://openalex.org/W2121900453","https://openalex.org/W2127409807","https://openalex.org/W2139698815","https://openalex.org/W2150721269","https://openalex.org/W2162636701","https://openalex.org/W2569004391"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2405544836","https://openalex.org/W1596671046","https://openalex.org/W1965707112","https://openalex.org/W3207957656","https://openalex.org/W2044576262","https://openalex.org/W2124377983","https://openalex.org/W2096488655","https://openalex.org/W2021501646","https://openalex.org/W2085076872","https://openalex.org/W2568615633"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"main":[1],"thrust":[2],"of":[3,51,67,82,90],"this":[4,58],"paper":[5],"is":[6,21,39],"to":[7,14,30],"modify":[8],"the":[9,19,48,52,61,71,88,107],"multi-scale":[10],"retinex":[11],"(MSR)":[12],"approach":[13],"image":[15],"enhancement":[16],"so":[17],"that":[18,38,85],"processing":[20,65],"more":[22,40],"justified":[23],"from":[24,74],"a":[25,31],"theoretical":[26],"standpoint.":[27],"This":[28],"leads":[29],"new":[32],"algorithm":[33,80],"with":[34,115],"fewer":[35],"arbitrary":[36],"parameters":[37],"flexible,":[41],"maintains":[42],"color":[43,93,99,116],"fidelity,":[44],"and":[45,63,98,118],"still":[46],"preserves":[47],"contrast-enhancement":[49],"benefits":[50],"original":[53,108],"MSR":[54,72,109,114],"method.":[55,110],"To":[56],"accomplish":[57],"we":[59,77],"identify":[60],"explicit":[62],"implicit":[64],"goals":[66],"MSR.":[68],"By":[69],"decoupling":[70],"operations":[73],"one":[75],"another,":[76],"build":[78],"an":[79],"composed":[81],"independent":[83],"steps":[84],"separates":[86],"out":[87],"issues":[89],"gamma":[91],"adjustment,":[92],"balance,":[94],"dynamic":[95],"range":[96],"compression,":[97],"enhancement,":[100],"which":[101],"are":[102],"all":[103],"jumbled":[104],"together":[105],"in":[106],"We":[111],"then":[112],"extend":[113],"constancy":[117],"chromaticity-preserving":[119],"contrast":[120],"enhancement.":[121]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}