{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2408459558","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2352/cic.1993.1.1.art00038","title":"Colorimetric and Photometric Modeling of Liquid Crystal Displays","display_name":"Colorimetric and Photometric Modeling of Liquid Crystal Displays","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2408459558","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2352/cic.1993.1.1.art00038","mag":"2408459558"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2352/cic.1993.1.1.art00038","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2352/cic.1993.1.1.art00038","pdf_url":"https://library.imaging.org/admin/apis/public/api/ist/website/downloadArticle/cic/1/1/art00038","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193667","display_name":"Color and Imaging Conference","issn_l":"2166-9635","issn":["2166-9635","2169-2629"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Color and Imaging Conference","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://library.imaging.org/admin/apis/public/api/ist/website/downloadArticle/cic/1/1/art00038","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111623524","display_name":"Louis D. Silverstein","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124718575","display_name":"Scottsdale Community College","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgx8605","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124718575"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133079","display_name":"Scottsdale Research Institute (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03gv2tj61","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133079"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165894","display_name":"New Amsterdam Sciences (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg01v02","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165894"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Louis D. Silverstein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sciences, Inc. , Scottsdale , Arizona"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sciences, Inc. , Scottsdale , Arizona","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124718575","https://openalex.org/I4210133079","https://openalex.org/I4210165894"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112138368","display_name":"Thomas G. Fiske","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173498003","display_name":"Palo Alto Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0529fxt39","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173498003","https://openalex.org/I4210132870"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas G. Fiske","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xerox Palo Alto Research Center , Palo Alto , California"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xerox Palo Alto Research Center , Palo Alto , California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173498003"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.9525,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95979899,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"1","first_page":"149","last_page":"156"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11666","display_name":"Color Science and Applications","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11666","display_name":"Color Science and Applications","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12496","display_name":"Color perception and design","score":0.9272000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phosphor","display_name":"Phosphor","score":0.8189430236816406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liquid-crystal-display","display_name":"Liquid-crystal display","score":0.7180063724517822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-power-distribution","display_name":"Spectral power distribution","score":0.6870401501655579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.6727632880210876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/luminance","display_name":"Luminance","score":0.5720255374908447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/color-temperature","display_name":"Color temperature","score":0.4958878457546234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/color-rendering-index","display_name":"Color rendering index","score":0.4885643422603607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/luminous-intensity","display_name":"Luminous intensity","score":0.4561944603919983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-color","display_name":"High color","score":0.4404807686805725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.4395015835762024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/color-space","display_name":"Color space","score":0.43926411867141724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.4358518123626709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/luminous-flux","display_name":"Luminous flux","score":0.4214118421077728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.23010918498039246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.20920321345329285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.11035758256912231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/light-source","display_name":"Light source","score":0.08598819375038147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/color-image","display_name":"Color image","score":0.08560964465141296}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124385694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11248330","display_name":"Phosphor","level":2,"score":0.8189430236816406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128019096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83341","display_name":"Liquid-crystal display","level":2,"score":0.7180063724517822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94360122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1967557","display_name":"Spectral power distribution","level":2,"score":0.6870401501655579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.6727632880210876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73313986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355386","display_name":"Luminance","level":2,"score":0.5720255374908447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110445762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327408","display_name":"Color temperature","level":2,"score":0.4958878457546234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118732332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27575","display_name":"Color rendering index","level":3,"score":0.4885643422603607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74389443","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104831","display_name":"Luminous intensity","level":2,"score":0.4561944603919983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131910990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1202284","display_name":"High color","level":5,"score":0.4404807686805725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.4395015835762024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2961294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166863","display_name":"Color space","level":3,"score":0.43926411867141724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4358518123626709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110113834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107780","display_name":"Luminous flux","level":3,"score":0.4214118421077728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.23010918498039246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.20920321345329285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.11035758256912231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982854487","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9128","display_name":"Light source","level":2,"score":0.08598819375038147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142616399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5148604","display_name":"Color image","level":4,"score":0.08560964465141296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2352/cic.1993.1.1.art00038","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2352/cic.1993.1.1.art00038","pdf_url":"https://library.imaging.org/admin/apis/public/api/ist/website/downloadArticle/cic/1/1/art00038","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193667","display_name":"Color and Imaging Conference","issn_l":"2166-9635","issn":["2166-9635","2169-2629"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Color and Imaging Conference","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2352/cic.1993.1.1.art00038","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2352/cic.1993.1.1.art00038","pdf_url":"https://library.imaging.org/admin/apis/public/api/ist/website/downloadArticle/cic/1/1/art00038","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193667","display_name":"Color and Imaging Conference","issn_l":"2166-9635","issn":["2166-9635","2169-2629"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Color and Imaging Conference","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8100000023841858,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2408459558.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2408459558.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2144651710","https://openalex.org/W2542078974","https://openalex.org/W1640973405","https://openalex.org/W2767239691","https://openalex.org/W3067853374","https://openalex.org/W2328853186","https://openalex.org/W3155699829","https://openalex.org/W3091893805","https://openalex.org/W2353837949","https://openalex.org/W3085934332"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Liquid":[0],"crystal":[1,352],"displays":[2],"(LCDs)":[3],"are":[4,92,183,202,251,356],"currently":[5],"the":[6,11,58,70,103,111,123,137,144,157,161,165,175,180,187,196,210,214,217,237,242,245,261,267,273,283,303,330,337,350,373,379,390,399,425,438,446,464,474,477,494,512,520,531,550],"leading":[7],"candidate":[8],"technology":[9,20,53],"for":[10,416,462],"next":[12],"generation":[13,557],"of":[14,62,73,85,94,102,116,122,125,130,139,143,164,179,190,195,213,216,241,272,300,315,318,323,333,341,372,378,392,404,427,433,440,452,469,476,479,484,493,496,519,534,544,554,558],"high-performance":[15,559],"color":[16,51,90,95,106,109,147,176,181,199,218,264,284,304,311,418,470,486,498,532,537,546,560],"workstations.":[17],"Color":[18],"LCD":[19,52,305,312,406,428,434,442,487,507],"has":[21],"been":[22],"maturing":[23],"at":[24,37],"a":[25,63,108,120,128,134,316,321,370,408,417,460,482],"rapid":[26],"pace":[27],"along":[28],"with":[29,82,542],"major":[30],"improvements":[31],"in":[32,39,280,298,481],"display":[33,382],"performance.":[34],"This":[35],"is":[36,119,153,170,287,306,313,407],"least":[38],"part":[40],"due":[41],"to":[42,54,98,156,186,223,256,294],"large":[43],"research":[44],"and":[45,78,87,114,151,177,209,232,248,253,269,290,296,320,349,359,376,389,402,437,449,466,502,506,515,527,548,552],"development":[46],"expenditures":[47],"focused":[48],"on":[49,445,511,530],"bringing":[50],"market.":[55],"LCDs":[56,91,471],"offer":[57],"extraordinary":[59],"design":[60,443],"flexibility":[61],"light":[64,118,192,334,393,453],"valve":[65],"based":[66],"device,":[67],"while":[68,160],"exhibiting":[69],"desirable":[71],"characteristics":[72,468],"relatively":[74,292],"low":[75],"volume,":[76],"weight,":[77],"power":[79,239,491],"consumption.":[80],"Moreover,":[81,339],"proper":[83],"optimization":[84,403],"optical":[86,206,325,435],"electronic":[88],"components,":[89],"capable":[93],"per-formance":[96],"equal":[97],"or":[99,386],"exceeding":[100],"that":[101,236,367,398,543],"venerable":[104],"shadow-mask":[105],"CRT.For":[107],"CRT,":[110,285],"spectral":[112,162,211,238,331,365,490],"composition":[113,163,212,332],"intensity":[115,138],"emitted":[117,132,191],"function":[121,371],"excitation":[124],"phosphors":[126,148,250],"by":[127,133],"stream":[129],"electrons":[131],"cathode.":[135],"Since":[136],"emissions":[140,243],"from":[141,167,193,244,336],"each":[142,168,194,328],"three":[145,197],"primary":[146,198],"(R,":[149],"G,":[150],"B)":[152],"directly":[154],"proportional":[155],"beam":[158,173],"current":[159],"emission":[166],"phosphor":[169],"invariant":[171],"across":[172,230],"current,":[174],"luminance":[178,385,516],"CRT":[182,219,274],"simply":[184],"related":[185],"luminous":[188],"proportions":[189],"phosphors.":[200],"There":[201],"generally":[203],"no":[204],"active":[205],"elements":[207,326],"involved,":[208],"output":[215],"can":[220],"be":[221,224,276,396],"considered":[222],"isotropic":[225],"as":[226,228,345,369],"well":[227],"homogenous":[229],"space":[231],"time.":[233],"Thus,":[234],"assuming":[235],"distribution":[240,492],"R,":[246],"G":[247],"B":[249],"known":[252],"suitably":[254],"converted":[255],"tristimulus":[257,281],"values":[258],"(e.g.":[259],"via":[260],"CIE":[262],"2°":[263],"matching":[265],"functions),":[266],"colorimetric":[268,400,465],"photometric":[270,467],"performance":[271,533,541],"may":[275],"readily":[277],"characterized":[278],"andoptimized":[279],"space.Unlike":[282],"which":[286,327,362,472],"optically":[288,307,357],"simple":[289],"thus":[291],"easy":[293],"model":[295],"optimize":[297],"terms":[299],"colorimetric/photometric":[301],"performance,":[302],"complex.":[308],"A":[309],"transmissive":[310],"composed":[314],"source":[317,495],"illumination":[319],"multitude":[322],"layered":[324],"modify":[329],"originating":[335],"source.":[338],"some":[340,431],"these":[342],"elements,":[343],"such":[344],"polarizers,":[346],"retardation":[347],"films":[348],"liquid":[351],"(LC)":[353],"layer":[354],"itself,":[355],"anisotropic":[358],"birefringent":[360],"layers":[361],"produce":[363],"complex":[364,411],"modifications":[366],"vary":[368],"material":[374],"parameters":[375,444],"construction":[377,509],"LC":[380,504],"cell,":[381],"voltage":[383],"(i.e.,":[384],"gray":[387],"level),":[388],"direction":[391],"propagation.It":[394],"should":[395],"apparent":[397],"modeling":[401],"an":[405,455],"much":[409],"more":[410],"task":[412],"than":[413],"comparable":[414],"analyses":[415],"CRT.":[419],"In":[420],"this":[421,540,555],"paper":[422],"we":[423,458,523],"describe":[424],"foundations":[426],"operation,":[429],"including":[430],"basics":[432],"models":[436],"effects":[439,478],"various":[441],"spectral,":[447],"intensive,":[448],"angular":[450],"propagation":[451],"through":[454],"LCD.":[456],"Further,":[457],"present":[459,524],"method":[461],"estimating":[463],"enables":[473],"investigation":[475],"variations":[480],"number":[483],"critical":[485],"components":[488],"(e.g.,":[489],"illumination,":[497],"filter":[499],"dye":[500],"concentration":[501],"thickness,":[503],"birefringence,":[505],"cell":[508],"geometry)":[510],"ultimate":[513],"chromaticity":[514],"rendering":[517],"capabilities":[518],"display.":[521],"Finally,":[522],"both":[525],"modeled":[526],"empirical":[528],"data":[529],"today's":[535],"state-of-the-art":[536],"LCDs,":[538],"compare":[539],"existing":[545],"CRTs,":[547],"discuss":[549],"promises":[551],"problems":[553],"new":[556],"imaging":[561],"devices.":[562]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}