{"id":"https://openalex.org/W59998772","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2312/egve/egve01/071-082","title":"Perception and Mental Rotation of 3D-Freeform Surfaces in an Immersive Projection System","display_name":"Perception and Mental Rotation of 3D-Freeform Surfaces in an Immersive Projection System","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W59998772","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2312/egve/egve01/071-082","mag":"59998772"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2312/egve/egve01/071-082","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2312/egve/egve01/071-082","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407052899","display_name":"Eurographics","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2312/egve/egve01/071-082","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071914909","display_name":"Andrea Gaggioli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7818-7598"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3020504353","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/01nh64743","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3020504353","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gaggioli, Andrea","raw_affiliation_strings":["Competence Center Virtual Reality, Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Engineering, Stuttgart, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Competence Center Virtual Reality, Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Engineering, Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3020504353"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005372755","display_name":"Ralf Breining","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3020504353","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/01nh64743","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3020504353","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Breining, Ralf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Competence Center Virtual Reality, Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Engineering, Stuttgart, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Competence Center Virtual Reality, Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Engineering, Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3020504353"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071914909"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3020504353"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00926362,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11904","display_name":"Spatial Cognition and Navigation","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11904","display_name":"Spatial Cognition and Navigation","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10888","display_name":"Augmented Reality Applications","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9904999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mental-rotation","display_name":"Mental rotation","score":0.8374944925308228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.7038936614990234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.7029790878295898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binocular-disparity","display_name":"Binocular disparity","score":0.6865297555923462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6366446018218994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6359246373176575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shading","display_name":"Shading","score":0.6281276345252991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depth-perception","display_name":"Depth perception","score":0.6074744462966919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.5926700234413147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stereopsis","display_name":"Stereopsis","score":0.5901212692260742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rotation","display_name":"Rotation (mathematics)","score":0.574920654296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photometric-stereo","display_name":"Photometric stereo","score":0.5725418925285339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/projection","display_name":"Projection (relational algebra)","score":0.492648184299469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stereoscopy","display_name":"Stereoscopy","score":0.44785693287849426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.44227513670921326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-perception","display_name":"Visual perception","score":0.4315013885498047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.3872738480567932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.22248560190200806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.20520925521850586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.0959886908531189}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68867621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q257360","display_name":"Mental rotation","level":3,"score":0.8374944925308228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.7038936614990234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.7029790878295898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90790637","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681118","display_name":"Binocular disparity","level":3,"score":0.6865297555923462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6366446018218994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6359246373176575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177515723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1191981","display_name":"Shading","level":2,"score":0.6281276345252991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52672216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1749840","display_name":"Depth perception","level":3,"score":0.6074744462966919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.5926700234413147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68537008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q247932","display_name":"Stereopsis","level":2,"score":0.5901212692260742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74050887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848368","display_name":"Rotation (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.574920654296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44365914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17120636","display_name":"Photometric stereo","level":3,"score":0.5725418925285339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57493831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3134666","display_name":"Projection (relational algebra)","level":2,"score":0.492648184299469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126057942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35158","display_name":"Stereoscopy","level":2,"score":0.44785693287849426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.44227513670921326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178253425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162668","display_name":"Visual perception","level":3,"score":0.4315013885498047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.3872738480567932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.22248560190200806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.20520925521850586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0959886908531189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2312/egve/egve01/071-082","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2312/egve/egve01/071-082","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407052899","display_name":"Eurographics","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2312/egve/egve01/071-082","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2312/egve/egve01/071-082","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407052899","display_name":"Eurographics","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1483014110","https://openalex.org/W2030168826","https://openalex.org/W2043756669","https://openalex.org/W2044698495","https://openalex.org/W2050328282","https://openalex.org/W2057582544","https://openalex.org/W2065343501","https://openalex.org/W2083632529","https://openalex.org/W2098893916","https://openalex.org/W2153312854","https://openalex.org/W2164328300","https://openalex.org/W2175153295","https://openalex.org/W2909520346"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2153312854","https://openalex.org/W1994339955","https://openalex.org/W2809767646","https://openalex.org/W2167186603","https://openalex.org/W2088425460","https://openalex.org/W2517928121","https://openalex.org/W2072441879","https://openalex.org/W2984549984","https://openalex.org/W2038314444","https://openalex.org/W606149119","https://openalex.org/W2621120127","https://openalex.org/W2528149969","https://openalex.org/W2750605763","https://openalex.org/W2038987153","https://openalex.org/W2002766445","https://openalex.org/W2581812086","https://openalex.org/W2291461966","https://openalex.org/W2144986206","https://openalex.org/W2088597145","https://openalex.org/W2102003556"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"reports":[2],"on":[3,20,126,150],"three":[4],"experiments":[5],"performed":[6],"to":[7],"examine":[8],"the":[9],"effects":[10],"of":[11,15,44,52,64,92,98,115,123,148],"different":[12,96],"visualization":[13,84],"techniques":[14,85],"3D":[16,47,57,65,135,163],"computer-generated":[17],"freeform":[18],"surfaces":[19,187],"subjects\u0092":[21],"perceptual":[22,36,127,171],"and":[23,37,61,76,78,106,112,177],"cognitive":[24,38],"performance":[25,128],"while":[26],"doing":[27],"CADrelated":[28],"activities":[29],"in":[30,131,160],"an":[31],"immersive":[32],"VR":[33],"system.":[34],"Experimental":[35],"tasks":[39],"included":[40],"depth":[41,53],"size":[42],"estimation":[43,51],"a":[45,120,144],"single":[46],"object":[48],"(exp.":[49,59,67,73,81,188],"1),":[50,130],"differences":[54],"between":[55],"two":[56,113],"objects":[58,66],"2)":[60],"mental":[62,151],"rotation":[63],"3).":[68,82],"Dependent":[69],"variables":[70],"were":[71,88,137,158,173,181],"accuracy":[72],"1,":[74],"2":[75],"3)":[77],"response":[79],"time":[80],"The":[83],"we":[86],"investigated":[87],"presence":[89],"versus":[90],"absence":[91],"binocular":[93,124],"disparity,":[94],"four":[95],"types":[97],"graphic":[99],"image":[100],"(wireframe,":[101],"flat":[102],"shading,":[103],"Gouraud":[104,107],"shading":[105,108],"with":[109,166,183],"surface":[110],"normals)":[111],"levels":[114],"shape":[116],"complexity.":[117],"Results":[118],"showed":[119],"positive":[121,146],"effect":[122,147],"disparity":[125],"(esp.":[129,141],"particular":[132],"when":[133,179],"concave":[134],"shapes":[136,164],"used":[138],"as":[139],"stimuli":[140],"2),":[142],"but":[143],"limited":[145],"stereopsis":[149],"rotation.":[152],"Furthermore,":[153],"results":[154],"indicated":[155],"that":[156],"subjects":[157],"faster":[159],"mentally":[161],"rotating":[162],"rendered":[165,186],"more":[167,175],"realistic":[168,185],"techniques,":[169],"whereas":[170],"estimates":[172],"found":[174],"accurate":[176],"easier":[178],"observers":[180],"presented":[182],"less":[184],"1-2).":[189]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}