{"id":"https://openalex.org/W6945105539","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2312/3dor/3dor08/065-071","title":"A 3D Face Recognition Algorithm Using Histogram-based Features","display_name":"A 3D Face Recognition Algorithm Using Histogram-based Features","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W6945105539","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2312/3dor/3dor08/065-071"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2312/3dor/3dor08/065-071","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2312/3dor/3dor08/065-071","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407052899","display_name":"Eurographics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"type":"other","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2312/3dor/3dor08/065-071","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhou, Xuebing","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhou, Xuebing","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Seibert, Helmut","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seibert, Helmut","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Busch, Christoph","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Busch, Christoph","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Funk, Wolfgang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Funk, Wolfgang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":null,"topics":[],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.7943000197410583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.722100019454956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.7178999781608582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.623199999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.49939998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4966999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curvature","display_name":"Curvature","score":0.46399998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.44179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/euclidean-distance","display_name":"Euclidean distance","score":0.38580000400543213}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.7943000197410583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7714999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.722100019454956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.7178999781608582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.623199999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5217999815940857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5174999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.49939998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4966999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195065555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214881","display_name":"Curvature","level":2,"score":0.46399998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.44179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.39750000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120174047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847073","display_name":"Euclidean distance","level":2,"score":0.38580000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45340560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215382","display_name":"Disjoint sets","level":2,"score":0.38179999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.37779998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136943445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1970240","display_name":"Histogram equalization","level":4,"score":0.36980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127449775","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3785871","display_name":"Histogram matching","level":4,"score":0.33009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.2978000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.2953999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.2946999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.29409998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.28610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.2734000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.26330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88799230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3398329","display_name":"Three-dimensional face recognition","level":5,"score":0.258899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.2572000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80551277","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11210","display_name":"Coordinate system","level":2,"score":0.25450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.2533999979496002}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2312/3dor/3dor08/065-071","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2312/3dor/3dor08/065-071","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407052899","display_name":"Eurographics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2312/3dor/3dor08/065-071","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2312/3dor/3dor08/065-071","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407052899","display_name":"Eurographics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.8359249234199524}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"present":[1],"an":[2,132,205],"automatic":[3,29],"face":[4,57,69,96,129,214],"recognition":[5,202],"approach,":[6],"which":[7,178],"relies":[8],"on":[9,143],"the":[10,13,41,44,47,52,56,68,78,82,95,116,128,137,153,158,174,188,193],"analysis":[11,63,135,147,160],"of":[12,21,46,55,94,118,131,136,148,180,209],"three-dimensional":[14],"facial":[15],"surface.":[16],"The":[17,91,167,201],"proposed":[18,168],"approach":[19],"consists":[20,179],"two":[22],"basic":[23],"steps,":[24],"namely":[25],"a":[26,34,61,73,87,103,144],"precise":[27],"fully":[28],"normalization":[30,40],"stage":[31],"followed":[32],"by":[33],"histogram-based":[35],"feature":[36,154,199],"extraction":[37],"algorithm.":[38],"During":[39],"tip":[42,80],"and":[43,51,64,81,115],"root":[45],"nose":[48,79],"are":[49],"detected":[50],"symmetry":[53,83],"axis":[54],"is":[58,70,100,109,124,141],"determined":[59,101],"using":[60,102],"PCA":[62],"curvature":[65],"calculations.":[66],"Subsequently,":[67],"realigned":[71],"in":[72,86,121],"coordinate":[74],"system":[75,203],"derived":[76],"from":[77,157],"axis,":[84],"resulting":[85,156],"normalized":[88,213],"3D":[89],"model.":[90],"actual":[92],"region":[93],"to":[97,126],"be":[98],"analyzed":[99],"simple":[104],"statistical":[105],"method.":[106],"This":[107],"area":[108],"split":[110],"into":[111],"disjoint":[112],"horizontal":[113],"subareas":[114],"distribution":[117,140],"depth":[119,138],"values":[120],"each":[122,149],"subarea":[123],"exploited":[125],"characterize":[127],"surface":[130],"individual.":[133],"Our":[134,184],"value":[139],"based":[142],"straightforward":[145],"histogram":[146,159],"subarea.":[150],"When":[151],"comparing":[152],"vectors":[155],"we":[161],"apply":[162],"three":[163],"different":[164],"similarity":[165],"metrics.":[166],"algorithm":[169],"has":[170],"been":[171],"tested":[172],"with":[173,197,211],"FRGC":[175],"v2":[176],"database,":[177],"4950":[181],"range":[182],"images.":[183],"results":[185,196],"indicate":[186],"that":[187],"city":[189],"block":[190],"metric":[191],"provides":[192],"best":[194],"classification":[195],"our":[198],"vectors.":[200],"achieved":[204],"equal":[206],"error":[207],"rate":[208],"5.89%":[210],"correctly":[212],"models.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}