{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2099351760","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/421056","title":"Machines, Logic and Quantum Physics","display_name":"Machines, Logic and Quantum Physics","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2099351760","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/421056","mag":"2099351760"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/421056","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/421056","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130801046","display_name":"Bulletin of Symbolic Logic","issn_l":"1079-8986","issn":["1079-8986","1943-5894"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bulletin of Symbolic Logic","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050850280","display_name":"David Deutsch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8413-8805"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David Deutsch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Quantum Computation, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, Ox1 3Pu, U.K.E-mail:","Centre for Quantum Computation, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, Ox1 3Pu, U.K. -mail: david.deutch@qubit.org"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Quantum Computation, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, Ox1 3Pu, U.K.E-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Quantum Computation, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, Ox1 3Pu, U.K. -mail: david.deutch@qubit.org","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059030616","display_name":"Artur Ekert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1504-5039"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Artur Ekert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Quantum Computation, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, Ox1 3Pu, U.K.E-mail:E-mail:","Centre for Quantum Computation, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, Ox1 3Pu, U.K. -mail: -mail: artur.ekert@qubit.org"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Quantum Computation, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, Ox1 3Pu, U.K.E-mail:E-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Quantum Computation, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, Ox1 3Pu, U.K. -mail: -mail: artur.ekert@qubit.org","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032258134","display_name":"Rossella Lupacchini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5801-2651"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146975","display_name":"Zambon (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/04zzq8d03","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146975"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rossella Lupacchini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento Di Filosofia, Universit\u00e0 Di Bologna, Via Zamboni 38, 40126 Bologna, Italy","Dipartimento di Filosofia , Universit\u00e0 di Bologna , Via Zamboni 38, 40126 , Bologna , Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento Di Filosofia, Universit\u00e0 Di Bologna, Via Zamboni 38, 40126 Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210146975"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Filosofia , Universit\u00e0 di Bologna , Via Zamboni 38, 40126 , Bologna , Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050850280"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.3109,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":115,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98737169,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"3","first_page":"265","last_page":"283"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-law","display_name":"Physical law","score":0.5747225284576416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/galileo","display_name":"Galileo (satellite navigation)","score":0.5711766481399536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-practice","display_name":"Mathematical practice","score":0.5538536310195923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.5376279354095459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statement","display_name":"Statement (logic)","score":0.5273987650871277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-science","display_name":"Physical science","score":0.4996206760406494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-of-mathematics","display_name":"Language of mathematics","score":0.44751712679862976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classical-physics","display_name":"Classical physics","score":0.4172517955303192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4029185473918915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-physics","display_name":"Theoretical physics","score":0.35182610154151917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.30958259105682373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.2602958083152771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.25166064500808716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.23308065533638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.18161973357200623}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194583477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408891","display_name":"Physical law","level":2,"score":0.5747225284576416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177219330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193902","display_name":"Galileo (satellite navigation)","level":2,"score":0.5711766481399536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780506305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3909934","display_name":"Mathematical practice","level":2,"score":0.5538536310195923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.5376279354095459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777026412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2684591","display_name":"Statement (logic)","level":2,"score":0.5273987650871277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6314898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14632398","display_name":"Physical science","level":2,"score":0.4996206760406494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172347087","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3217196","display_name":"Language of mathematics","level":2,"score":0.44751712679862976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111806380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81745","display_name":"Classical physics","level":3,"score":0.4172517955303192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4029185473918915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33332235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362","display_name":"Theoretical physics","level":1,"score":0.35182610154151917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.30958259105682373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.2602958083152771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.25166064500808716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.23308065533638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.18161973357200623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/421056","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/421056","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130801046","display_name":"Bulletin of Symbolic Logic","issn_l":"1079-8986","issn":["1079-8986","1943-5894"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bulletin of Symbolic Logic","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CULeuclid:euclid.bsl/1182353705","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.bsl/1182353705","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400787","display_name":"Project Euclid (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.205.5924","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.205.5924","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.hep.princeton.edu/%7Emcdonald/examples/QM/deutsch_quant-ph-9911150.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.452.368","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.452.368","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.fmi.uni-sofia.bg/fmi/logic/soskov/MLQC.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ora.ox.ac.uk:uuid:6876370d-c5fd-466d-8a42-016f05007041","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6876370d-c5fd-466d-8a42-016f05007041","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402636","display_name":"Oxford University Research Archive (ORA) (University of Oxford)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","host_organization_name":"University of Oxford","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Scopus (http://www.scopus.com/home.url)","raw_type":"Journal article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.550000011920929,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W94149014","https://openalex.org/W174270456","https://openalex.org/W574857009","https://openalex.org/W1494994700","https://openalex.org/W1549182183","https://openalex.org/W1685438685","https://openalex.org/W1979260239","https://openalex.org/W1993688167","https://openalex.org/W2034109862","https://openalex.org/W2042690899","https://openalex.org/W2070646413","https://openalex.org/W2109741106","https://openalex.org/W2126160338","https://openalex.org/W2148132004","https://openalex.org/W2168676717","https://openalex.org/W2179731956","https://openalex.org/W2270550182","https://openalex.org/W2797094917","https://openalex.org/W3011907935","https://openalex.org/W4234400829"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1676928627","https://openalex.org/W2802183783","https://openalex.org/W34935660","https://openalex.org/W4229795215","https://openalex.org/W3176289043","https://openalex.org/W4200600165","https://openalex.org/W3048307752","https://openalex.org/W4229780500","https://openalex.org/W2350068154","https://openalex.org/W4388839092"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"\u00a7":[0],"1.":[1],"Mathematics":[2],"and":[3,26,31,120,167,198,213],"the":[4,60,83,97,100,146,155,184,208,214],"physical":[5,61,141,156,185],"world":[6,62,157],".":[7],"Genuine":[8],"scientific":[9],"knowledge":[10,153],"cannot":[11],"be":[12,17,24,36,64,72,221],"certain,":[13],"nor":[14],"can":[15,220],"it":[16,22,34],"justified":[18],"a":[19,39,56,109,117,159],"priori.":[20],"Instead,":[21],"must":[23,63],"conjectured,":[25],"then":[27],"tested":[28],"by":[29],"experiment,":[30],"this":[32,189],"requires":[33],"to":[35,71,112,134,177],"expressed":[37],"in":[38,53,82,148,172,183],"language":[40,49,84,147,160],"appropriate":[41],"for":[42],"making":[43],"precise,":[44,168],"empirically":[45],"testable":[46,92],"predictions.":[47],"That":[48],"is":[50,70,80,162,188],"mathematics.":[51],"This":[52],"turn":[54],"constitutes":[55],"statement":[57],"about":[58],"what":[59,207],"like":[65],"if":[66],"science,":[67],"thus":[68],"conceived,":[69],"possible.":[73],"As":[74],"Galileo":[75],"put":[76],"it,":[77],"\u201cthe":[78,178],"universe":[79],"written":[81],"of":[85,89,103,124,138,154,181,206,210,216],"mathematics\u201d.":[86],"Galileo's":[87],"introduction":[88],"mathematically":[90],"formulated,":[91],"theories":[93],"into":[94],"physics":[95,211],"marked":[96],"transition":[98],"from":[99],"Aristotelian":[101],"conception":[102],"physics,":[104],"resting":[105],"on":[106],"supposedly":[107],"necessary":[108],"priori":[110],"principles,":[111],"its":[113],"modern":[114],"status":[115],"as":[116,223,225,231],"theoretical,":[118],"conjectural":[119],"empirical":[121],"science.":[122],"Instead":[123],"seeking":[125],"an":[126,139,201],"infallible":[127],"universal":[128],"mathematical":[129,218],"design,":[130],"Galilean":[131],"science":[132],"usesmathematics":[133],"express":[135,151],"quantitative":[136],"descriptions":[137],"objective":[140,224],"reality.":[142],"Thus":[143],"mathematics":[144,182],"became":[145],"which":[149],"we":[150],"our":[152],"\u2014":[158],"that":[161],"not":[163],"only":[164],"extraordinarily":[165],"powerful":[166],"but":[169],"also":[170],"effective":[171],"practice.":[173],"Eugene":[174],"Wigner":[175],"referred":[176],"unreasonable":[179,192],"effectiveness":[180,190],"sciences\u201d.":[186],"But":[187],"really":[191],"or":[193],"miraculous?":[194],"Numbers,":[195],"sets,":[196],"groups":[197],"algebras":[199],"have":[200],"autonomous":[202],"reality":[203],"quite":[204],"independent":[205],"laws":[209],"decree,":[212],"properties":[215],"these":[217],"structures":[219],"just":[222],"Plato":[226],"believed":[227],"they":[228],"were":[229],"(and":[230],"Roger":[232],"Penrose":[233],"now":[234],"advocates).":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}