{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3174816898","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2298/csis210215037g","title":"Distributed ledger technology: State-of-the-art and current challenges","display_name":"Distributed ledger technology: State-of-the-art and current challenges","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3174816898","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2298/csis210215037g","mag":"3174816898"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2298/csis210215037g","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2298/csis210215037g","pdf_url":"http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/ft.aspx?id=1820-02142100037G","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S206939107","display_name":"Computer Science and Information Systems","issn_l":"1820-0214","issn":["1820-0214","2406-1018"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321031","host_organization_name":"ComSIS Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321031"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["ComSIS Consortium"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Science and Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/ft.aspx?id=1820-02142100037G","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018294898","display_name":"Maria Gorbunova","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118501908","display_name":"National Research University Higher School of Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/055f7t516","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118501908"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090671","display_name":"Rostec (Russia)","ror":"https://ror.org/00ahm5y33","country_code":"RU","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090671"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Gorbunova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rostelecom, Moscow, Russia + National Research University Higher School of Economics, Russia","Rostelecom, Moscow, Russia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rostelecom, Moscow, Russia + National Research University Higher School of Economics, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118501908"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rostelecom, Moscow, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090671"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090301150","display_name":"Pavel Ma\u0161ek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2976-6547"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60587646","display_name":"Brno University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03613d656","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pavel Masek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068776818","display_name":"Mikhail Komarov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7075-0016"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118501908","display_name":"National Research University Higher School of Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/055f7t516","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118501908"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mikhail Komarov","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Research University Higher School of Economics, Russia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Research University Higher School of Economics, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118501908"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058504920","display_name":"Aleksandr Ometov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3412-1639"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166825849","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":"https://ror.org/033003e23","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aleksandr Ometov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tampere University, Tampere, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tampere University, Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.8755,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":40,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9723764,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"1","first_page":"65","last_page":"85"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.9358999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-ledger","display_name":"Distributed ledger","score":0.9282647371292114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8378722667694092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.7777182459831238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verifiable-secret-sharing","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","score":0.6581838726997375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ledger","display_name":"Ledger","score":0.5523453950881958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supply-chain","display_name":"Supply chain","score":0.5270181894302368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.5036794543266296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.46148577332496643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.4534776210784912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-manufacturing","display_name":"Distributed manufacturing","score":0.4309577941894531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.42005494236946106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.41787824034690857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.365872323513031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3577658534049988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.34225374460220337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.23435157537460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manufacturing-engineering","display_name":"Manufacturing engineering","score":0.11999046802520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.11633113026618958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accounting","display_name":"Accounting","score":0.09368637204170227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.07539182901382446}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777541363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25110971","display_name":"Distributed ledger","level":3,"score":0.9282647371292114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8378722667694092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.7777182459831238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85847156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59015987","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.6581838726997375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91302708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732056","display_name":"Ledger","level":2,"score":0.5523453950881958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108713360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1824206","display_name":"Supply chain","level":2,"score":0.5270181894302368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.5036794543266296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.46148577332496643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.4534776210784912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780530572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17010810","display_name":"Distributed manufacturing","level":2,"score":0.4309577941894531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.42005494236946106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.41787824034690857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.365872323513031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3577658534049988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.34225374460220337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.23435157537460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117671659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11049265","display_name":"Manufacturing engineering","level":1,"score":0.11999046802520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.11633113026618958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.09368637204170227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.07539182901382446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2298/csis210215037g","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2298/csis210215037g","pdf_url":"http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/ft.aspx?id=1820-02142100037G","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S206939107","display_name":"Computer Science and Information Systems","issn_l":"1820-0214","issn":["1820-0214","2406-1018"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321031","host_organization_name":"ComSIS Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321031"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["ComSIS Consortium"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Science and Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.vutbr.cz:11012/203975","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11012/203975","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400317","display_name":"Brno University of Technology Digital Library (Brno University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I60587646","host_organization_name":"Brno University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Science and Information Systems (online). 2022, vol. 19, issue 1, p. 65-85.","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:trepo.tuni.fi:10024/219724","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://trepo.tuni.fi/handle/10024/219724","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401860","display_name":"Tampere University Institutional Repository (Tampere University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I150589677","host_organization_name":"Tampere University of Applied Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150589677"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2298/csis210215037g","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2298/csis210215037g","pdf_url":"http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/ft.aspx?id=1820-02142100037G","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S206939107","display_name":"Computer Science and Information Systems","issn_l":"1820-0214","issn":["1820-0214","2406-1018"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321031","host_organization_name":"ComSIS Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321031"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["ComSIS Consortium"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Science and Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6399999856948853}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4502566575","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TK02030013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315323","funder_display_name":"Technology Agency of the Czech Republic"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315323","display_name":"Technology Agency of the Czech Republic","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324261","display_name":"National Research University Higher School of Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/055f7t516"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3174816898.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3174816898.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2005725110","https://openalex.org/W2106166721","https://openalex.org/W2114579022","https://openalex.org/W2116643105","https://openalex.org/W2479456447","https://openalex.org/W2522448907","https://openalex.org/W2576440140","https://openalex.org/W2735071609","https://openalex.org/W2765152469","https://openalex.org/W2780599721","https://openalex.org/W2781869656","https://openalex.org/W2789962766","https://openalex.org/W2791935104","https://openalex.org/W2795144752","https://openalex.org/W2800028583","https://openalex.org/W2802340657","https://openalex.org/W2803553469","https://openalex.org/W2809941036","https://openalex.org/W2883123626","https://openalex.org/W2890983746","https://openalex.org/W2893112400","https://openalex.org/W2899357412","https://openalex.org/W2899880612","https://openalex.org/W2907726055","https://openalex.org/W2919784967","https://openalex.org/W2923222014","https://openalex.org/W2923799790","https://openalex.org/W2929082880","https://openalex.org/W2929438235","https://openalex.org/W2929830909","https://openalex.org/W2941036880","https://openalex.org/W2950457649","https://openalex.org/W2954162364","https://openalex.org/W2954654876","https://openalex.org/W2956817960","https://openalex.org/W2963372425","https://openalex.org/W2964062734","https://openalex.org/W2966619949","https://openalex.org/W2967440939","https://openalex.org/W2969315359","https://openalex.org/W2972937145","https://openalex.org/W2972964405","https://openalex.org/W2988339161","https://openalex.org/W2997016418","https://openalex.org/W2998782523","https://openalex.org/W3000385461","https://openalex.org/W3001387390","https://openalex.org/W3004868766","https://openalex.org/W3005520041","https://openalex.org/W3009751210","https://openalex.org/W3010711716","https://openalex.org/W3035317917","https://openalex.org/W3036950915","https://openalex.org/W3043268034","https://openalex.org/W3100849041","https://openalex.org/W3113922025","https://openalex.org/W3124502736","https://openalex.org/W6650107387"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4200084791","https://openalex.org/W2555456100","https://openalex.org/W4379875260","https://openalex.org/W2799497437","https://openalex.org/W4214535366","https://openalex.org/W4307452909","https://openalex.org/W3082233899","https://openalex.org/W4362500945","https://openalex.org/W3101226711","https://openalex.org/W4366978743"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Distributed":[0,120],"Ledger":[1,121],"Technology":[2,122],"(DLT)":[3],"is":[4,50],"making":[5],"the":[6,14,39,46,51,74,83,87,97,117,129,132],"first":[7],"steps":[8],"toward":[9],"becoming":[10],"a":[11],"solution":[12],"for":[13,61],"growing":[15,84],"number":[16,85],"of":[17,41,45,77,86,116,119,131,135],"various":[18,125],"decentralized":[19],"systems":[20,69,101],"worldwide.":[21],"Unlike":[22],"pure":[23],"Blockchain,":[24],"DLT":[25,48],"finds":[26],"many":[27],"uses":[28],"across":[29],"different":[30],"industries,":[31],"including":[32],"eHealth,":[33],"finance,":[34],"supply":[35],"chain":[36],"monitoring,":[37],"and":[38,57,63,79,93],"Internet":[40],"Things":[42],"(IoT).":[43],"One":[44],"vital":[47],"features":[49],"ability":[52],"to":[53,82,110],"provide":[54,111],"an":[55,112],"immutable":[56],"commonly":[58],"verifiable":[59],"ledger":[60],"larger-scale":[62],"highly":[64],"complex":[65],"systems.":[66],"Today?s":[67],"centralized":[68],"can":[70],"no":[71],"longer":[72],"guarantee":[73],"required":[75],"level":[76],"availability":[78],"reliability":[80],"due":[81],"involved":[88],"nodes,":[89],"complicated":[90],"heterogeneous":[91],"architectures,":[92],"task":[94],"load,":[95],"while":[96],"publicly":[98],"available":[99],"distributed":[100],"are":[102],"still":[103],"in":[104,124],"their":[105],"infancy.":[106],"This":[107],"paper":[108],"aims":[109],"exhaustive":[113],"topical":[114],"review":[115],"state-of-theart":[118],"applicability":[123],"sectors.":[126],"It":[127],"outlines":[128],"importance":[130],"practical":[133],"integration":[134],"technology-related":[136],"challenges,":[137],"as":[138,140],"well":[139],"potential":[141],"solutions.":[142]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-26T07:47:46.906454","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}