{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2566002283","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2018-01-31-49","title":"ProjectQ: an open source software framework for quantum computing","display_name":"ProjectQ: an open source software framework for quantum computing","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2566002283","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2018-01-31-49","mag":"2566002283"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.22331/q-2018-01-31-49","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2018-01-31-49","pdf_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2018-01-31-49/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226432","display_name":"Quantum","issn_l":"2521-327X","issn":["2521-327X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317900","host_organization_name":"Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317900"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2018-01-31-49/pdf/","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002340446","display_name":"Damian S. Steiger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1588-8930"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Damian S. Steiger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Theoretical Physics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1588-8930","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Theoretical Physics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046023611","display_name":"Thomas H\u00e4ner","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas H\u00e4ner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Theoretical Physics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4297-7878","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Theoretical Physics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028440699","display_name":"Matthias Troyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1469-9444"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthias Troyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Theoretical Physics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1469-9444","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Theoretical Physics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002340446"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"],"apc_list":{"value":200,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":215},"apc_paid":{"value":200,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":215},"fwci":35.036,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":427,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99717661,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":null,"first_page":"49","last_page":"49"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.812983512878418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emulation","display_name":"Emulation","score":0.7798359394073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compiler","display_name":"Compiler","score":0.7255589962005615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-computer","display_name":"Quantum computer","score":0.6747369170188904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plug-in","display_name":"Plug-in","score":0.5418021082878113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5013813972473145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/python","display_name":"Python (programming language)","score":0.48069459199905396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.4408888518810272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.4373036324977875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.43073421716690063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-circuit","display_name":"Quantum circuit","score":0.4197216033935547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.38446834683418274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.37597113847732544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-science","display_name":"Computational science","score":0.3537067770957947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.3412497043609619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.3164393901824951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-network","display_name":"Quantum network","score":0.21624711155891418}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.812983512878418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149810388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5374873","display_name":"Emulation","level":2,"score":0.7798359394073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.7255589962005615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.6747369170188904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4924752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184148","display_name":"Plug-in","level":2,"score":0.5418021082878113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5013813972473145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519991488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865","display_name":"Python (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.48069459199905396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.4408888518810272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.4373036324977875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.43073421716690063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124148022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122210","display_name":"Quantum circuit","level":5,"score":0.4197216033935547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.38446834683418274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.37597113847732544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C459310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117801","display_name":"Computational science","level":1,"score":0.3537067770957947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3412497043609619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.3164393901824951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186468114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836478","display_name":"Quantum network","level":4,"score":0.21624711155891418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.22331/q-2018-01-31-49","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2018-01-31-49","pdf_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2018-01-31-49/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226432","display_name":"Quantum","issn_l":"2521-327X","issn":["2521-327X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317900","host_organization_name":"Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317900"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.research-collection.ethz.ch:20.500.11850/317052","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850/317052","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402302","display_name":"Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","host_organization_name":"ETH Zurich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum, 2","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1612.08091","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1612.08091","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1612.08091","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2e2efd4f3a454a11abefffe748cf24f8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2e2efd4f3a454a11abefffe748cf24f8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Quantum, Vol 2, p 49 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"doi:10.3929/ethz-b-000317052","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000317052","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407051236","display_name":"ETH Z\u00fcrich Research Collection","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.22331/q-2018-01-31-49","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2018-01-31-49","pdf_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2018-01-31-49/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226432","display_name":"Quantum","issn_l":"2521-327X","issn":["2521-327X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317900","host_organization_name":"Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317900"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308943","display_name":"Microsoft Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320924","display_name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/00yjd3n13"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321652","display_name":"Eidgen\u00f6ssische Technische Hochschule Z\u00fcrich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2566002283.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2566002283.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1556322369","https://openalex.org/W1614518745","https://openalex.org/W1624887593","https://openalex.org/W1975548669","https://openalex.org/W2020409647","https://openalex.org/W2084652510","https://openalex.org/W2102008187","https://openalex.org/W2160347025","https://openalex.org/W2168676717","https://openalex.org/W2229804344","https://openalex.org/W2339327743","https://openalex.org/W2344283309","https://openalex.org/W2557558706","https://openalex.org/W2607213325","https://openalex.org/W2949787462","https://openalex.org/W2952568606","https://openalex.org/W3100200555","https://openalex.org/W3101201397","https://openalex.org/W3105927794"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4200149527","https://openalex.org/W2991324428","https://openalex.org/W2997740458","https://openalex.org/W4379115997","https://openalex.org/W2792100442","https://openalex.org/W3092615945","https://openalex.org/W4284882292","https://openalex.org/W4214847524","https://openalex.org/W3133505863","https://openalex.org/W4318620911"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,40],"introduce":[1,41],"ProjectQ,":[2],"an":[3],"open":[4],"source":[5],"software":[6],"effort":[7],"for":[8,34,53,104],"quantum":[9,54,61,71,93,99],"computing.":[10],"The":[11,56],"first":[12],"release":[13],"features":[14],"a":[15,25,74],"compiler":[16,32],"framework":[17,57],"capable":[18],"of":[19,23,60],"targeting":[20],"various":[21],"types":[22],"hardware,":[24,94],"high-performance":[26],"simulator":[27],"with":[28],"emulation":[29],"capabilities,":[30],"and":[31,37,49,65,95,110],"plug-ins":[33,103],"circuit":[35],"drawing":[36],"resource":[38],"estimation.":[39],"our":[42],"Python-embedded":[43],"domain-specific":[44],"language,":[45],"present":[46],"the":[47,78],"features,":[48],"provide":[50,89,102],"example":[51],"implementations":[52],"algorithms.":[55],"allows":[58],"testing":[59],"algorithms":[62],"through":[63],"simulation":[64],"enables":[66],"running":[67],"them":[68],"on":[69,98],"actual":[70],"hardware":[72],"using":[73],"back-end":[75],"connecting":[76],"to":[77,91],"IBM":[79],"Quantum":[80],"Experience":[81],"cloud":[82],"service.":[83],"Through":[84],"extension":[85],"mechanisms,":[86],"users":[87],"can":[88,101],"back-ends":[90],"further":[92],"scientists":[96],"working":[97],"compilation":[100],"additional":[105],"compilation,":[106],"optimization,":[107],"gate":[108],"synthesis,":[109],"layout":[111],"strategies.":[112]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":52},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":45},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":51},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":47},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":78},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":63},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-06-04T09:04:59.091469","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
