{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399198738","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2026-01-16-1968","title":"Fault-tolerant simulation of Lattice Gauge Theories with gauge covariant codes","display_name":"Fault-tolerant simulation of Lattice Gauge Theories with gauge covariant codes","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399198738","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2026-01-16-1968"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.22331/q-2026-01-16-1968","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2026-01-16-1968","pdf_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2026-01-16-1968/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226432","display_name":"Quantum","issn_l":"2521-327X","issn":["2521-327X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317900","host_organization_name":"Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317900"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2026-01-16-1968/pdf/","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5098954577","display_name":"L. Spagnoli","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","display_name":"University of Trento","ror":"https://ror.org/05trd4x28","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093299","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics And Applications","ror":"https://ror.org/00nhs3j29","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I193223587","https://openalex.org/I4210093299"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. Spagnoli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Fisica, University of Trento, via Sommarive 14, I\u201338123, Povo, Trento, Italy","INFN-TIFPA Trento Institute of Fundamental Physics and Applications, Trento, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Fisica, University of Trento, via Sommarive 14, I\u201338123, Povo, Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"INFN-TIFPA Trento Institute of Fundamental Physics and Applications, Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093299"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072793415","display_name":"Alessandro Roggero","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8334-1120"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","display_name":"University of Trento","ror":"https://ror.org/05trd4x28","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093299","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics And Applications","ror":"https://ror.org/00nhs3j29","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I193223587","https://openalex.org/I4210093299"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Roggero","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Fisica, University of Trento, via Sommarive 14, I\u201338123, Povo, Trento, Italy","INFN-TIFPA Trento Institute of Fundamental Physics and Applications, Trento, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Fisica, University of Trento, via Sommarive 14, I\u201338123, Povo, Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"INFN-TIFPA Trento Institute of Fundamental Physics and Applications, Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093299"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004290683","display_name":"Nathan Wiebe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7642-1061"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142606810","display_name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05h992307","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325736334","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I142606810","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["CA","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. Wiebe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2E4, Canada","Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2E4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142606810"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":200,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":215},"apc_paid":{"value":200,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":215},"fwci":39.8551,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99527564,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"1968","last_page":"1968"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10715","display_name":"Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems","score":0.9686999917030334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10715","display_name":"Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems","score":0.9686999917030334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11986","display_name":"Scientific Computing and Data Management","score":0.9279000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10048","display_name":"Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies","score":0.917900025844574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covariant-transformation","display_name":"Covariant transformation","score":0.6772545576095581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lattice-gauge-theory","display_name":"Lattice gauge theory","score":0.5723759531974792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lattice","display_name":"Lattice (music)","score":0.5026233196258545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-physics","display_name":"Theoretical physics","score":0.4935852289199829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gauge","display_name":"Gauge (firearms)","score":0.482601523399353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gauge-theory","display_name":"Gauge theory","score":0.44552671909332275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hamiltonian-lattice-gauge-theory","display_name":"Hamiltonian lattice gauge theory","score":0.4315720200538635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gauge-anomaly","display_name":"Gauge anomaly","score":0.42962729930877686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-physics","display_name":"Mathematical physics","score":0.4105268716812134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3922922909259796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3214573264122009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.1490820050239563}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9136319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q362640","display_name":"Covariant transformation","level":2,"score":0.6772545576095581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138817895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386769","display_name":"Lattice gauge theory","level":3,"score":0.5723759531974792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781204021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6497091","display_name":"Lattice (music)","level":2,"score":0.5026233196258545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33332235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362","display_name":"Theoretical physics","level":1,"score":0.4935852289199829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40976572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2330873","display_name":"Gauge (firearms)","level":2,"score":0.482601523399353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181830111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214850","display_name":"Gauge theory","level":2,"score":0.44552671909332275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27428435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5645297","display_name":"Hamiltonian lattice gauge theory","level":3,"score":0.4315720200538635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200161520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5527630","display_name":"Gauge anomaly","level":4,"score":0.42962729930877686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37914503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495","display_name":"Mathematical physics","level":1,"score":0.4105268716812134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3922922909259796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3214573264122009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.1490820050239563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.22331/q-2026-01-16-1968","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2026-01-16-1968","pdf_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2026-01-16-1968/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226432","display_name":"Quantum","issn_l":"2521-327X","issn":["2521-327X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317900","host_organization_name":"Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317900"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2405.19293","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2405.19293","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2405.19293","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1811fc0211cc4936961f7e31f528c96b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1811fc0211cc4936961f7e31f528c96b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Quantum, Vol 10, p 1968 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unitn.it:11572/478010","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11572/478010","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401913","display_name":"Institutional Research Information System (Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Trento)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","host_organization_name":"University of Trento","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2405.19293","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2405.19293","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.22331/q-2026-01-16-1968","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2026-01-16-1968","pdf_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2026-01-16-1968/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226432","display_name":"Quantum","issn_l":"2521-327X","issn":["2521-327X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317900","host_organization_name":"Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317900"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1051798224","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101080086 NeQST","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1588554772","display_name":"NExt level Quantum information processing for Science and Technology","funder_award_id":"101080086","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4359800586","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101080086","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","funder_display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7208924394","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101080086 NeQST","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","funder_display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399198738.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2243302257","https://openalex.org/W2593024776","https://openalex.org/W2989469896","https://openalex.org/W4200381071","https://openalex.org/W3178213288","https://openalex.org/W4367841521","https://openalex.org/W1999706070","https://openalex.org/W4394672652","https://openalex.org/W1969246646","https://openalex.org/W2014633300","https://openalex.org/W1984021697","https://openalex.org/W2963127785","https://openalex.org/W2903361691","https://openalex.org/W3041702559","https://openalex.org/W2950155521","https://openalex.org/W4200205058","https://openalex.org/W3215508992","https://openalex.org/W4366986260","https://openalex.org/W4367321894","https://openalex.org/W4318147120","https://openalex.org/W4391263114","https://openalex.org/W4392223099","https://openalex.org/W2803436915","https://openalex.org/W2973447431","https://openalex.org/W4213052878","https://openalex.org/W2415656260","https://openalex.org/W2535738892","https://openalex.org/W2995050112","https://openalex.org/W2066217516","https://openalex.org/W1797418550","https://openalex.org/W3207755657","https://openalex.org/W1970941569","https://openalex.org/W6910414955","https://openalex.org/W6891786529","https://openalex.org/W2775106578","https://openalex.org/W2042474962","https://openalex.org/W2744938842","https://openalex.org/W2995878589","https://openalex.org/W3008670164","https://openalex.org/W3198317698","https://openalex.org/W1985671429","https://openalex.org/W2063592138","https://openalex.org/W1663839511","https://openalex.org/W4408928999"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2012921615","https://openalex.org/W2096561760","https://openalex.org/W4308614067","https://openalex.org/W3101765211","https://openalex.org/W2017751256","https://openalex.org/W2044538132","https://openalex.org/W2046016902","https://openalex.org/W3099960896","https://openalex.org/W1985040115","https://openalex.org/W1982820368"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,47],"show":[1,58],"in":[2,66],"this":[3,53],"paper":[4],"that":[5,59,82,137],"a":[6,87,103],"strong":[7],"and":[8,16,57,122,148],"easy":[9],"connection":[10],"exists":[11],"between":[12,145],"quantum":[13,149],"error":[14,150],"correction":[15],"Lattice":[17],"Gauge":[18,24],"Theories":[19],"(LGT)":[20],"by":[21,141],"using":[22,118],"the":[23,49,60,74,77,92,111,114,128,143],"symmetry":[25],"to":[26,105,133],"construct":[27],"an":[28,95],"efficient":[29],"error-correcting":[30],"code":[31,56,117],"for":[32],"Abelian":[33],"<mml:math":[34],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\">":[35],"<mml:mrow":[36],"class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">":[37],"<mml:msub>":[38],"<mml:mi":[39],"mathvariant=\"double-struck\">Z</mml:mi>":[40],"<mml:mn":[41],"mathvariant=\"double-struck\">2</mml:mn>":[42],"</mml:msub>":[43],"</mml:mrow>":[44],"</mml:math>":[45],"LGTs.":[46],"identify":[48],"logical":[50,70],"operations":[51,71],"on":[52],"gauge":[54,115],"covariant":[55,116],"corresponding":[61],"Hamiltonian":[62,112],"can":[63],"be":[64],"expressed":[65],"terms":[67],"of":[68,76,90,110,130],"these":[69,83],"while":[72],"preserving":[73],"locality":[75],"interactions.":[78],"Furthermore,":[79],"we":[80,101],"demonstrate":[81,102],"substitutions":[84],"actually":[85],"give":[86],"new":[88],"way":[89],"writing":[91],"LGT":[93],"as":[94],"equivalent":[96],"hardcore":[97],"boson":[98],"model.":[99],"Finally":[100],"method":[104],"perform":[106],"fault-tolerant":[107],"time":[108],"evolution":[109],"within":[113],"both":[119],"product":[120],"formulas":[121],"qubitization":[123],"approaches.":[124],"This":[125],"opens":[126],"up":[127],"possibility":[129],"inexpensive":[131],"end":[132,134],"dynamical":[135],"simulations":[136],"save":[138],"physical":[139],"qubits":[140],"blurring":[142],"lines":[144],"simulation":[146],"algorithms":[147],"correcting":[151],"codes.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2024-05-31T00:00:00"}