{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402951851","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2025-12-11-1937","title":"Phase error rate estimation in QKD with imperfect detectors","display_name":"Phase error rate estimation in QKD with imperfect detectors","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402951851","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2025-12-11-1937"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.22331/q-2025-12-11-1937","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2025-12-11-1937","pdf_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2025-12-11-1937/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226432","display_name":"Quantum","issn_l":"2521-327X","issn":["2521-327X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317900","host_organization_name":"Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317900"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2025-12-11-1937/pdf/","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082168881","display_name":"Devashish Tupkary","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7586-3738"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Devashish Tupkary","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3G1"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3G1","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001472411","display_name":"Shlok Nahar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9850-3302"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shlok Nahar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3G1"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3G1","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114236176","display_name":"P. Sinha","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pulkit Sinha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Quantum Computing and School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3G1"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Quantum Computing and School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3G1","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076065879","display_name":"Norbert L\u00fctkenhaus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4897-3376"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Norbert L\u00fctkenhaus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3G1"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3G1","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"],"apc_list":{"value":200,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":215},"apc_paid":{"value":200,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":215},"fwci":0.5965,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59132723,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"1937","last_page":"1937"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":0.8684999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":0.8684999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.8003000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.785099983215332,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/basis","display_name":"Basis (linear algebra)","score":0.7078760862350464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoy","display_name":"Decoy","score":0.6897908449172974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.49054402112960815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.48871278762817383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase","display_name":"Phase (matter)","score":0.44128429889678955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.41279804706573486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3625869154930115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3218333125114441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1585080921649933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.13233834505081177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.06807249784469604}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12426560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189569","display_name":"Basis (linear algebra)","level":2,"score":0.7078760862350464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779179475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3545649","display_name":"Decoy","level":3,"score":0.6897908449172974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.49054402112960815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48871278762817383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.44128429889678955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.41279804706573486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3625869154930115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3218333125114441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1585080921649933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.13233834505081177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.06807249784469604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170493617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208467","display_name":"Receptor","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.22331/q-2025-12-11-1937","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2025-12-11-1937","pdf_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2025-12-11-1937/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226432","display_name":"Quantum","issn_l":"2521-327X","issn":["2521-327X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317900","host_organization_name":"Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317900"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2408.17349","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2408.17349","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2408.17349","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a577dc8949ab4bb1a3d205380941ba6c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a577dc8949ab4bb1a3d205380941ba6c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Quantum, Vol 9, p 1937 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2408.17349","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2408.17349","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.22331/q-2025-12-11-1937","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2025-12-11-1937","pdf_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2025-12-11-1937/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226432","display_name":"Quantum","issn_l":"2521-327X","issn":["2521-327X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317900","host_organization_name":"Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317900"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312716","display_name":"Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/03zp01h17"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319880","display_name":"Government of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/010q4q527"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322676","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402951851.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402951851.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2056086109","https://openalex.org/W2607664690","https://openalex.org/W2170240091","https://openalex.org/W2135571249","https://openalex.org/W4367292474","https://openalex.org/W2014913039","https://openalex.org/W4415583836","https://openalex.org/W3197947358","https://openalex.org/W2020272675","https://openalex.org/W1612274752","https://openalex.org/W2950141386","https://openalex.org/W3015573456","https://openalex.org/W2896256254","https://openalex.org/W3017104373","https://openalex.org/W2143255200","https://openalex.org/W2011682372","https://openalex.org/W2013622559","https://openalex.org/W567498330","https://openalex.org/W2949704604","https://openalex.org/W3214095954","https://openalex.org/W2890984482","https://openalex.org/W3128474234","https://openalex.org/W1787342803","https://openalex.org/W4393386291","https://openalex.org/W2015254684","https://openalex.org/W4403868749","https://openalex.org/W2128122187","https://openalex.org/W2981983219","https://openalex.org/W2041619780","https://openalex.org/W4409137408","https://openalex.org/W2065368731","https://openalex.org/W2038212714","https://openalex.org/W2767107538","https://openalex.org/W4409163539","https://openalex.org/W1965202859","https://openalex.org/W1967383051","https://openalex.org/W1971459440","https://openalex.org/W2055617162","https://openalex.org/W2047463679","https://openalex.org/W2100257068","https://openalex.org/W2042235351","https://openalex.org/W2014048641","https://openalex.org/W1811937173","https://openalex.org/W2964057590","https://openalex.org/W2022654677","https://openalex.org/W2783298804","https://openalex.org/W4404920231","https://openalex.org/W2518967179","https://openalex.org/W2024942458","https://openalex.org/W2039735882","https://openalex.org/W1968204762","https://openalex.org/W4416786390","https://openalex.org/W3101663526","https://openalex.org/W4238472918"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2415073839","https://openalex.org/W1555596338","https://openalex.org/W1238053778","https://openalex.org/W2350944221","https://openalex.org/W4239355779","https://openalex.org/W2057946556","https://openalex.org/W2782845443","https://openalex.org/W2354605264","https://openalex.org/W3197217569","https://openalex.org/W4398389810"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,22,116,153],"present":[1],"a":[2,41],"finite-size":[3],"security":[4,118],"proof":[5,37,89],"of":[6,29,81,112,132,139,158],"the":[7,27,45,55,70,82,120,130,151,156,166],"decoy-state":[8,167],"BB84":[9,168],"QKD":[10],"protocol":[11,56],"against":[12],"coherent":[13],"attacks,":[14],"using":[15],"entropic":[16],"uncertainty":[17],"relations,":[18],"for":[19,144],"imperfect":[20],"detectors.":[21],"apply":[23],"this":[24],"result":[25],"to":[26,54,63,84,92,127,134,141,165],"case":[28],"detectors":[30,83],"with":[31],"imperfectly":[32,64],"characterized":[33,65],"basis-efficiency":[34,159],"mismatch.":[35],"Our":[36],"works":[38],"by":[39,161],"obtaining":[40],"suitable":[42],"bound":[43],"on":[44,147],"phase":[46],"error":[47],"rate,":[48],"without":[49],"requiring":[50],"any":[51],"new":[52],"modifications":[53],"steps":[57],"or":[58],"hardware.":[59],"It":[60],"is":[61],"applicable":[62],"detectors,":[66],"and":[67,77,96,137],"only":[68],"requires":[69],"maximum":[71],"relative":[72],"difference":[73],"in":[74,100,104,119],"detection":[75],"efficiencies":[76,95],"dark":[78,97],"count":[79,98],"rates":[80,99],"be":[85,135,142],"characterized.":[86],"Moreover,":[87],"our":[88,163],"allows":[90],"Eve":[91],"choose":[93],"detector":[94,113],"their":[101],"allowed":[102,126],"ranges":[103],"each":[105],"round,":[106],"thereby":[107],"addressing":[108],"an":[109],"important":[110],"problem":[111],"side":[114],"channels.":[115],"prove":[117],"variable-length":[121],"framework,":[122],"where":[123],"users":[124],"are":[125],"adaptively":[128],"determine":[129],"length":[131],"key":[133],"produced,":[136],"number":[138],"bits":[140],"used":[143],"error-correction,":[145],"based":[146],"observations":[148],"made":[149],"during":[150],"protocol.":[152,169],"quantitatively":[154],"demonstrate":[155],"effect":[157],"mismatch":[160],"applying":[162],"results":[164]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-08T07:41:36.138363","created_date":"2024-09-29T00:00:00"}
