{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417228903","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2025-12-11-1936","title":"LUCI in the Surface Code with Dropouts","display_name":"LUCI in the Surface Code with Dropouts","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417228903","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2025-12-11-1936"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.22331/q-2025-12-11-1936","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2025-12-11-1936","pdf_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2025-12-11-1936/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226432","display_name":"Quantum","issn_l":"2521-327X","issn":["2521-327X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317900","host_organization_name":"Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317900"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2025-12-11-1936/pdf/","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114035508","display_name":"Dripto M. Debroy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dripto M. Debroy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Quantum AI, Venice, CA 90291, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Quantum AI, Venice, CA 90291, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056613045","display_name":"Matt McEwen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9544-141X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matt McEwen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Quantum AI, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Quantum AI, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112474957","display_name":"Craig Gidney","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Craig Gidney","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Quantum AI, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Quantum AI, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004388314","display_name":"Noah Shutty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6035-2812"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noah Shutty","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Quantum AI, Venice, CA 90291, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Quantum AI, Venice, CA 90291, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020699999","display_name":"Adam Zalcman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2585-2424"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adam Zalcman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Quantum AI, Tokyo, Japan","Google Quantum AI, Venice, CA 90291, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Quantum AI, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Quantum AI, Venice, CA 90291, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5114035508"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"],"apc_list":{"value":200,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":215},"apc_paid":{"value":200,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":215},"fwci":10.388,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.980128,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"1936","last_page":"1936"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9099000096321106,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9099000096321106,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13182","display_name":"Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata","score":0.018300000578165054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10382","display_name":"Quantum and electron transport phenomena","score":0.007300000172108412,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qubit","display_name":"Qubit","score":0.6226999759674072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-circuit","display_name":"Electronic circuit","score":0.585099995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-error-correction","display_name":"Quantum error correction","score":0.5166000127792358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/error-detection-and-correction","display_name":"Error detection and correction","score":0.5123000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.42750000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4120999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-computer","display_name":"Quantum computer","score":0.3993000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/imperfect","display_name":"Imperfect","score":0.3849000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.3614000082015991}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203087015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378201","display_name":"Qubit","level":3,"score":0.6226999759674072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6074000000953674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134146338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1815901","display_name":"Electronic circuit","level":2,"score":0.585099995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51003876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1536431","display_name":"Quantum error correction","level":4,"score":0.5166000127792358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103088060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062839","display_name":"Error detection and correction","level":2,"score":0.5123000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4302999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.42750000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4120999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.3993000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780310539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12547192","display_name":"Imperfect","level":2,"score":0.3849000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.3614000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3386000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.32839998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151319957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752739","display_name":"Asynchronous communication","level":2,"score":0.328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.32760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.3197000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3068999946117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3046000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124148022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122210","display_name":"Quantum circuit","level":5,"score":0.2919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.2912999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40969351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3516228","display_name":"Word error rate","level":2,"score":0.2904999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.2874999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169699857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122243","display_name":"Quantum information","level":3,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776799497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484298","display_name":"Surface (topology)","level":2,"score":0.26820001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.26739999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166530166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1970635","display_name":"Hamming bound","level":5,"score":0.2669000029563904}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.22331/q-2025-12-11-1936","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2025-12-11-1936","pdf_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2025-12-11-1936/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226432","display_name":"Quantum","issn_l":"2521-327X","issn":["2521-327X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317900","host_organization_name":"Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317900"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c86c1f5aafae419d8f8fc578c9cbbcbe","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c86c1f5aafae419d8f8fc578c9cbbcbe","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Quantum, Vol 9, p 1936 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.22331/q-2025-12-11-1936","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2025-12-11-1936","pdf_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2025-12-11-1936/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226432","display_name":"Quantum","issn_l":"2521-327X","issn":["2521-327X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317900","host_organization_name":"Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317900"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4417228903.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4417228903.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2625952985","https://openalex.org/W2889557380","https://openalex.org/W2976542453","https://openalex.org/W2982169647","https://openalex.org/W3045800111","https://openalex.org/W3092764718","https://openalex.org/W3102161549","https://openalex.org/W3154862842","https://openalex.org/W3173899054","https://openalex.org/W3181439919","https://openalex.org/W3194025247","https://openalex.org/W3209967515","https://openalex.org/W3212425726","https://openalex.org/W4292883541","https://openalex.org/W4296720917","https://openalex.org/W4383822293","https://openalex.org/W4385239514","https://openalex.org/W4385256364","https://openalex.org/W4387408745","https://openalex.org/W4388464319","https://openalex.org/W4395020693","https://openalex.org/W4401253310","https://openalex.org/W4408126309","https://openalex.org/W4410287068","https://openalex.org/W4415361285"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently,":[0],"usage":[1],"of":[2,8,110,126,132,140],"detecting":[3],"regions":[4],"facilitated":[5],"the":[6,14,102,108,111,146,150],"discovery":[7],"new":[9],"circuits":[10,29,61,81],"for":[11,26,73,85,96,104,145],"fault-tolerantly":[12],"implementing":[13],"surface":[15,59],"code.":[16],"Building":[17],"on":[18],"these":[19,179],"ideas,":[20],"we":[21],"present":[22],"LUCI,":[23],"a":[24,40,70,129,153,161,171],"framework":[25],"constructing":[27],"fault-tolerant":[28,74],"flexible":[30],"enough":[31],"to":[32,57,62,107,143,160,191],"construct":[33],"aperiodic":[34],"and":[35,67,113,122,128,181],"anisotropic":[36],"circuits,":[37],"making":[38],"it":[39],"clear":[41],"step":[42],"towards":[43],"quantum":[44,75],"error":[45,167,182,198],"correction":[46],"beyond":[47],"static":[48],"codes.":[49],"We":[50],"show":[51],"that":[52],"LUCI":[53,134,184],"can":[54],"be":[55],"used":[56],"adapt":[58],"code":[60],"lattices":[63],"with":[64,175],"imperfect":[65],"qubit":[66,121],"coupler":[68,123],"yield,":[69],"key":[71],"challenge":[72],"computers":[76],"using":[77],"solid-state":[78],"architectures.":[79],"These":[80],"preserve":[82],"spacelike":[83,138],"distance":[84,139],"isolated":[86,90],"broken":[87,91],"couplers":[88],"or":[89],"measure":[92],"qubits":[93,190],"in":[94,116,149,164],"exchange":[95],"halving":[97],"timelike":[98],"distance,":[99],"substantially":[100],"reducing":[101],"penalty":[103],"dropout":[105,124,180],"compared":[106,142],"state":[109],"art":[112],"creating":[114],"opportunities":[115],"device":[117,176],"architecture":[118],"design.":[119],"For":[120,152],"rates":[125],"1%":[127],"patch":[130],"diameter":[131],"15,":[133],"achieves":[135],"an":[136],"average":[137],"13.1,":[141],"9.1":[144],"best":[147],"method":[148],"literature.":[151],"SI1000(0.001)":[154],"circuit":[155],"noise":[156],"model,":[157],"this":[158],"translates":[159],"36x":[162],"improvement":[163],"median":[165],"logical":[166,196],"rate":[168],"per":[169],"round,":[170],"factor":[172],"which":[173],"increases":[174],"performance.":[177],"At":[178],"rates,":[183],"requires":[185],"roughly":[186],"25%":[187],"fewer":[188],"physical":[189],"reach":[192],"algorithmically":[193],"relevant":[194],"one-in-a-trillion":[195],"codeblock":[197],"rates.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-12-11T00:00:00"}
