{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415116588","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2025-10-13-1882","title":"Deep-Circuit QAOA","display_name":"Deep-Circuit QAOA","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415116588","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2025-10-13-1882"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.22331/q-2025-10-13-1882","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2025-10-13-1882","pdf_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2025-10-13-1882/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226432","display_name":"Quantum","issn_l":"2521-327X","issn":["2521-327X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317900","host_organization_name":"Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317900"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2025-10-13-1882/pdf/","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051209574","display_name":"Gereon Ko\u00dfmann","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gereon Ko\u00dfmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Quantum Information, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Quantum Information, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060474905","display_name":"Lennart Binkowski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3723-7699"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114112103","display_name":"Leibniz University Hannover","ror":"https://ror.org/0304hq317","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114112103"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lennart Binkowski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Theoretical Physics, Leibniz University Hannover"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Theoretical Physics, Leibniz University Hannover","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114112103"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031868733","display_name":"Lauritz van Luijk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3153-549X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114112103","display_name":"Leibniz University Hannover","ror":"https://ror.org/0304hq317","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114112103"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lauritz van Luijk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Theoretical Physics, Leibniz University Hannover"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Theoretical Physics, Leibniz University Hannover","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114112103"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021547052","display_name":"Timo Ziegler","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114112103","display_name":"Leibniz University Hannover","ror":"https://ror.org/0304hq317","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114112103"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8659980","display_name":"Volkswagen Group (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/034e5n787","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319473763","https://openalex.org/I8659980"]}],"countries":["DE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Timo Ziegler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Theoretical Physics, Leibniz University Hannover","Volkswagen AG, Berliner Ring 2, 38440 Wolfsburg"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Theoretical Physics, Leibniz University Hannover","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114112103"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Volkswagen AG, Berliner Ring 2, 38440 Wolfsburg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8659980"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067944094","display_name":"Ren\u00e9 Schwonnek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9055-5266"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114112103","display_name":"Leibniz University Hannover","ror":"https://ror.org/0304hq317","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114112103"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ren\u00e9 Schwonnek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Theoretical Physics, Leibniz University Hannover"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Theoretical Physics, Leibniz University Hannover","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114112103"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":200,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":215},"apc_paid":{"value":200,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":215},"fwci":5.2763,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95626168,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"1882","last_page":"1882"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10558","display_name":"Advancements in Semiconductor Devices and Circuit Design","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13182","display_name":"Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scope","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.4839000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phenomenon","display_name":"Phenomenon","score":0.4693000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.448199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.4140999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/argument","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","score":0.38989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimension","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","score":0.3856000006198883}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4839000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50335755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483247","display_name":"Phenomenon","level":2,"score":0.4693000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45989999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.448199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.4140999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3953999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98184364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780131","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","level":2,"score":0.38989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.3856000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203087015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378201","display_name":"Qubit","level":3,"score":0.37529999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3564000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.32100000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3057999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.28049999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780030769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4968575","display_name":"Plateau (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2784000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.2639000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777686260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q144037","display_name":"Calculus (dental)","level":2,"score":0.25609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15706264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230883","display_name":"Quantum state","level":3,"score":0.2540999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.25270000100135803}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.22331/q-2025-10-13-1882","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2025-10-13-1882","pdf_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2025-10-13-1882/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226432","display_name":"Quantum","issn_l":"2521-327X","issn":["2521-327X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317900","host_organization_name":"Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317900"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5d2ac05618a847d5a1fe9809cd2c2892","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5d2ac05618a847d5a1fe9809cd2c2892","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Quantum, Vol 9, p 1882 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.22331/q-2025-10-13-1882","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2025-10-13-1882","pdf_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2025-10-13-1882/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226432","display_name":"Quantum","issn_l":"2521-327X","issn":["2521-327X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317900","host_organization_name":"Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317900"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320875","display_name":"Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst","ror":"https://ror.org/039djdh30"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/04pz7b180"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327132","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Indore","ror":"https://ror.org/01hhf7w52"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415116588.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415116588.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W966413371","https://openalex.org/W1549564487","https://openalex.org/W1557324374","https://openalex.org/W1586981851","https://openalex.org/W1595765050","https://openalex.org/W1992651606","https://openalex.org/W1999450843","https://openalex.org/W2020123688","https://openalex.org/W2035019077","https://openalex.org/W2084652510","https://openalex.org/W2102194164","https://openalex.org/W2152710595","https://openalex.org/W2778498694","https://openalex.org/W2794444783","https://openalex.org/W2955075300","https://openalex.org/W2971844308","https://openalex.org/W2980835754","https://openalex.org/W2982304552","https://openalex.org/W3015667706","https://openalex.org/W3038265811","https://openalex.org/W3080889453","https://openalex.org/W3094345472","https://openalex.org/W3098581063","https://openalex.org/W3098974447","https://openalex.org/W3101243334","https://openalex.org/W3104095923","https://openalex.org/W3104396616","https://openalex.org/W3108496771","https://openalex.org/W3111162498","https://openalex.org/W3129110052","https://openalex.org/W3136233239","https://openalex.org/W3148001159","https://openalex.org/W3166275705","https://openalex.org/W3198606649","https://openalex.org/W3203972939","https://openalex.org/W3209107739","https://openalex.org/W4221165036","https://openalex.org/W4232288880","https://openalex.org/W4301014524","https://openalex.org/W4385248382","https://openalex.org/W4395007239","https://openalex.org/W4406868572","https://openalex.org/W4408847956"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"its":[1],"popularity,":[2],"several":[3,216],"empirical":[4],"and":[5,30,37,54,73,114,162,205,229],"theoretical":[6],"studies":[7],"suggest":[8],"that":[9,104,171,231],"the":[10,38,85,88,94,112,168,181,188,198,208],"quantum":[11,95],"approximate":[12],"optimization":[13,141,250],"algorithm":[14],"(QAOA)":[15],"has":[16,196],"persistent":[17],"issues":[18,69],"in":[19,197,233],"providing":[20],"a":[21,44,123,132,139,164,192,220,248],"substantial":[22],"practical":[23],"advantage.":[24],"Numerical":[25],"results":[26],"for":[27,48,116,131,167],"few":[28],"qubits":[29],"shallow":[31],"circuits":[32],"are,":[33],"at":[34,120],"best,":[35],"ambiguous,":[36],"well-studied":[39],"barren":[40,62],"plateau":[41],"phenomenon":[42],"draws":[43],"rather":[45],"sobering":[46],"picture":[47],"deeper":[49],"circuits.":[50,213],"However,":[51],"as":[52],"more":[53,55,154],"sophisticated":[56],"strategies":[57,228],"are":[58,70,105],"proposed":[59],"to":[60,66,93,108,151],"circumvent":[61],"plateaus,":[63],"it":[64],"stands":[65],"reason":[67],"which":[68,74,117],"actually":[71],"fundamental":[72],"merely":[75],"constitute":[76],"\u2013":[77,80,232,239],"admittedly":[78],"difficult":[79,107],"engineering":[81],"tasks.":[82],"By":[83],"shifting":[84],"scope":[86],"from":[87],"usually":[89],"considered":[90],"parameter":[91],"landscape":[92],"state":[96],"space&amp;apos;s":[97],"geometry":[98],"we":[99,127,160],"can":[100,172],"distinguish":[101],"between":[102],"problems":[103],"fundamentally":[106],"solve,":[109],"independently":[110],"of":[111,136,180,201,211,219],"parameterization,":[113],"those":[115],"there":[118],"could":[119],"least":[121],"exist":[122],"favorable":[124,190,249],"parameterization.":[125],"Here,":[126],"find":[128,230],"clear":[129],"evidence":[130],"&amp;apos;no":[133],"free":[134],"lunch&amp;apos;-behavior":[135],"QAOA":[137,170,194,222],"on":[138,157,207,225],"general":[140],"task":[142],"with":[143,235],"no":[144],"further":[145,186],"structure;":[146],"individual":[147],"cases":[148],"have,":[149],"however,":[150],"be":[152,173],"analyzed":[153],"carefully.":[155],"Based":[156],"our":[158,236],"analysis,":[159],"propose":[161],"justify":[163],"performance":[165,237],"indicator":[166,238],"deep-circuit":[169,221],"accessed":[174],"by":[175],"solely":[176],"evaluating":[177],"statistical":[178],"properties":[179,191],"classical":[182],"objective":[183],"function.":[184],"We":[185,214],"discuss":[187],"various":[189],"generic":[193],"instance":[195],"asymptotic":[199],"regime":[200],"infinitely":[202],"many":[203],"gates,":[204],"elaborate":[206],"immanent":[209],"drawbacks":[210],"finite":[212],"provide":[215],"numerical":[217],"examples":[218],"method":[223],"based":[224],"local":[226],"search":[227],"alignment":[234],"some":[240],"special":[241],"function":[242],"classes,":[243],"like":[244],"QUBOs,":[245],"indeed":[246],"admit":[247],"landscape.":[251]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-14T00:00:00"}
