{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410095543","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2025-05-05-1730","title":"Pauli path simulations of noisy quantum circuits beyond average case","display_name":"Pauli path simulations of noisy quantum circuits beyond average case","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410095543","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2025-05-05-1730"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.22331/q-2025-05-05-1730","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2025-05-05-1730","pdf_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2025-05-05-1730/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226432","display_name":"Quantum","issn_l":"2521-327X","issn":["2521-327X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317900","host_organization_name":"Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317900"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2025-05-05-1730/pdf/","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063407452","display_name":"Guillermo Gonz\u00e1lez-Garc\u00eda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2602-0339"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120293","display_name":"Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics","ror":"https://ror.org/01vekys64","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210120293"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142743","display_name":"Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xrcta15","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142743","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guillermo Gonz\u00e1lez-Garc\u00eda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany","Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstr. 4, D-80799 Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120293"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstr. 4, D-80799 Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083228566","display_name":"J. I. Cirac","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3359-1743"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120293","display_name":"Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics","ror":"https://ror.org/01vekys64","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210120293"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142743","display_name":"Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xrcta15","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142743","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Ignacio Cirac","raw_affiliation_strings":["Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany","Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstr. 4, D-80799 Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120293"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstr. 4, D-80799 Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142743"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054077400","display_name":"Rahul Trivedi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5621-7255"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120293","display_name":"Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics","ror":"https://ror.org/01vekys64","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210120293"]}],"countries":["DE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rahul Trivedi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Deparment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA","Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Deparment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120293"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":200,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":215},"apc_paid":{"value":200,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":215},"fwci":16.1207,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98936033,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"1730","last_page":"1730"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10382","display_name":"Quantum and electron transport phenomena","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pauli-exclusion-principle","display_name":"Pauli exclusion principle","score":0.7176787853240967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path","display_name":"Path (computing)","score":0.5889694690704346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.5260046720504761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-circuit","display_name":"Electronic circuit","score":0.4927115738391876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-physics","display_name":"Statistical physics","score":0.4705398678779602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.4482116401195526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.3791431188583374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.35642391443252563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.3493463099002838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.31910067796707153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.14920687675476074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.11299934983253479}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110340908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131594","display_name":"Pauli exclusion principle","level":2,"score":0.7176787853240967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5889694690704346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.5260046720504761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134146338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1815901","display_name":"Electronic circuit","level":2,"score":0.4927115738391876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.4705398678779602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.4482116401195526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.3791431188583374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.35642391443252563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.3493463099002838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.31910067796707153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.14920687675476074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.11299934983253479}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.22331/q-2025-05-05-1730","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2025-05-05-1730","pdf_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2025-05-05-1730/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226432","display_name":"Quantum","issn_l":"2521-327X","issn":["2521-327X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317900","host_organization_name":"Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317900"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2407.16068","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2407.16068","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2407.16068","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:59475c40fe4c49e0a6c65a6539582e2e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/59475c40fe4c49e0a6c65a6539582e2e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Quantum, Vol 9, p 1730 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.22331/q-2025-05-05-1730","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2025-05-05-1730","pdf_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2025-05-05-1730/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226432","display_name":"Quantum","issn_l":"2521-327X","issn":["2521-327X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317900","host_organization_name":"Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317900"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8679735702","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13N16066","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/04pz7b180"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410095543.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410095543.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1571014766","https://openalex.org/W1651098285","https://openalex.org/W1871899311","https://openalex.org/W2035757233","https://openalex.org/W2052146120","https://openalex.org/W2128164182","https://openalex.org/W2161685427","https://openalex.org/W2168676717","https://openalex.org/W2299781645","https://openalex.org/W2619816662","https://openalex.org/W2620407091","https://openalex.org/W2620582212","https://openalex.org/W2775696823","https://openalex.org/W2781738013","https://openalex.org/W2897579646","https://openalex.org/W2912868391","https://openalex.org/W2946533503","https://openalex.org/W2955435611","https://openalex.org/W2982169647","https://openalex.org/W2995050112","https://openalex.org/W3013339074","https://openalex.org/W3015465043","https://openalex.org/W3015667706","https://openalex.org/W3023478445","https://openalex.org/W3026387229","https://openalex.org/W3030713132","https://openalex.org/W3037443854","https://openalex.org/W3100755341","https://openalex.org/W3100931082","https://openalex.org/W3106047133","https://openalex.org/W3111162498","https://openalex.org/W3122989613","https://openalex.org/W3129110052","https://openalex.org/W3136233239","https://openalex.org/W3155654749","https://openalex.org/W3164702359","https://openalex.org/W3173899054","https://openalex.org/W3206088030","https://openalex.org/W3207073666","https://openalex.org/W3209967515","https://openalex.org/W3217173446","https://openalex.org/W4214872757","https://openalex.org/W4281385034","https://openalex.org/W4310861554","https://openalex.org/W4315432801","https://openalex.org/W4321610982","https://openalex.org/W4323830114","https://openalex.org/W4376639590","https://openalex.org/W4380627387","https://openalex.org/W4386476372","https://openalex.org/W4387043683","https://openalex.org/W4389304858","https://openalex.org/W4391132757","https://openalex.org/W4392877631","https://openalex.org/W4393234688","https://openalex.org/W4394912675","https://openalex.org/W4394952284","https://openalex.org/W4399491701","https://openalex.org/W4401024415","https://openalex.org/W4402812776","https://openalex.org/W4406142019"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3006983566","https://openalex.org/W2052382920","https://openalex.org/W2024371448","https://openalex.org/W4392297203","https://openalex.org/W2352949123","https://openalex.org/W1611230162","https://openalex.org/W2747066503","https://openalex.org/W1572121409","https://openalex.org/W2951304272","https://openalex.org/W3100342955"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"For":[0],"random":[1,49],"quantum":[2,221],"circuits":[3,61,125],"on":[4,136],"n":[5,13],"qubits":[6],"of":[7,20,45,57,63,83,90,118,132,147,207,217],"depth":[8],"\u0398":[9],"(":[10],"log":[11],"\u2061":[12],")":[14],"with":[15],"depolarizing":[16],"noise,":[17],"the":[18,23,43,54,71,84,88,110,148,192,199,208],"task":[19],"sampling":[21],"from":[22],"output":[24],"state":[25],"can":[26],"be":[27],"efficiently":[28],"performed":[29],"classically":[30,113],"using":[31,169],"a":[32,104,159,164,184,205,219],"Pauli":[33,193],"path":[34,194],"method":[35,47,195],"\\cite{Aharonov2023_paulipaths}":[36],".":[37],"This":[38],"paper":[39],"aims":[40],"to":[41,128,152,163,197,212],"study":[42,122,206],"performance":[44],"this":[46,119],"beyond":[48,70],"circuits.":[50],"We":[51],"first":[52],"consider":[53],"classical":[55,133,179,215],"simulation":[56,111],"local":[58,166],"observables":[59],"in":[60,81],"composed":[62],"Clifford":[64],"and":[65,87,96,202,214],"T":[66,94,108],"gates":[67,91,171],"\u2013":[68],"going":[69],"average":[72],"case":[73],"analysis,":[74],"we":[75,121,188],"derive":[76],"sufficient":[77],"conditions":[78],"for":[79,144],"simulatability":[80],"terms":[82],"noise":[85,100,213],"rate":[86,106],"fraction":[89],"that":[92,98,126,143],"are":[93],"gates,":[95,109],"show":[97],"if":[99,181],"is":[101],"introduced":[102],"at":[103,183],"faster":[105],"than":[107],"becomes":[112],"easy.":[114],"As":[115],"an":[116],"application":[117],"result,":[120,201],"2D":[123],"QAOA":[124,160],"attempt":[127],"find":[129],"low-energy":[130],"states":[131],"Ising":[134,153],"models":[135],"general":[137],"graphs.":[138],"There,":[139],"our":[140],"results":[141],"shows":[142],"hard":[145],"instances":[146,190],"problem,":[149],"which":[150],"correspond":[151],"model's":[154],"graph":[155],"being":[156],"geometrically":[157,165],"non-local,":[158],"algorithm":[161],"mapped":[162],"circuit":[167],"architecture":[168],"SWAP":[170],"does":[172],"not":[173],"have":[174],"any":[175],"asymptotic":[176],"advantage":[177],"over":[178],"algorithms":[180],"depolarized":[182],"constant":[185],"rate.":[186],"Finally,":[187],"illustrate":[189],"where":[191],"fails":[196],"give":[198],"correct":[200],"also":[203],"initiate":[204],"trade-off":[209],"between":[210],"fragility":[211],"complexity":[216],"simulating":[218],"given":[220],"circuit.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-08-26T07:47:46.906454","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
