{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400653094","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2024-07-15-1409","title":"Complexity of Digital Quantum Simulation in the Low-Energy Subspace: Applications and a Lower Bound","display_name":"Complexity of Digital Quantum Simulation in the Low-Energy Subspace: Applications and a Lower Bound","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400653094","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2024-07-15-1409"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.22331/q-2024-07-15-1409","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2024-07-15-1409","pdf_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2024-07-15-1409/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226432","display_name":"Quantum","issn_l":"2521-327X","issn":["2521-327X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317900","host_organization_name":"Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317900"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2024-07-15-1409/pdf/","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013338763","display_name":"Weiyuan Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6599-8110"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Weiyuan Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University","John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101941604","display_name":"Shuo Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3588-3955"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25251306","display_name":"Yuanpei University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jb3jv25","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25251306"]}],"countries":["CN","TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuo Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center on Frontiers of Computing Studies, School of Computer Science, Peking University","Yuanpei College, Peking University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center on Frontiers of Computing Studies, School of Computer Science, Peking University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yuanpei College, Peking University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25251306","https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101509600","display_name":"Tongyang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0338-413X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tongyang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center on Frontiers of Computing Studies, School of Computer Science, Peking University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center on Frontiers of Computing Studies, School of Computer Science, Peking University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013338763"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":{"value":200,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":215},"apc_paid":{"value":200,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":215},"fwci":1.6963,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86361015,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"1409","last_page":"1409"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subspace-topology","display_name":"Subspace topology","score":0.7002580165863037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upper-and-lower-bounds","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","score":0.5402715802192688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5094688534736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.48241981863975525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.42314907908439636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.36409878730773926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.34346625208854675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.30774515867233276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.28027474880218506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.13113442063331604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.09548443555831909}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32834561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660730","display_name":"Subspace topology","level":2,"score":0.7002580165863037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77553402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222579","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","level":2,"score":0.5402715802192688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5094688534736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.48241981863975525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.42314907908439636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.36409878730773926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.34346625208854675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.30774515867233276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.28027474880218506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.13113442063331604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.09548443555831909}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.22331/q-2024-07-15-1409","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2024-07-15-1409","pdf_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2024-07-15-1409/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226432","display_name":"Quantum","issn_l":"2521-327X","issn":["2521-327X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317900","host_organization_name":"Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317900"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:34a07cec5956468aaf8b9a7f6ee28fbe","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/34a07cec5956468aaf8b9a7f6ee28fbe","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Quantum, Vol 8, p 1409 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.22331/q-2024-07-15-1409","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2024-07-15-1409","pdf_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2024-07-15-1409/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226432","display_name":"Quantum","issn_l":"2521-327X","issn":["2521-327X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317900","host_organization_name":"Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317900"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.6000000238418579}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2376276132","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3977431004","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"92365117","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G867402108","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62372006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8951484681","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324787","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4400653094.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1867978104","https://openalex.org/W1980669364","https://openalex.org/W1985671429","https://openalex.org/W2015711858","https://openalex.org/W2022829242","https://openalex.org/W2058785737","https://openalex.org/W2064906820","https://openalex.org/W2071874678","https://openalex.org/W2081161648","https://openalex.org/W2097174474","https://openalex.org/W2122780600","https://openalex.org/W2137798267","https://openalex.org/W2163257413","https://openalex.org/W2179731956","https://openalex.org/W2415656260","https://openalex.org/W2535738892","https://openalex.org/W2775106578","https://openalex.org/W2781738013","https://openalex.org/W2791899439","https://openalex.org/W2901677314","https://openalex.org/W2908019568","https://openalex.org/W2962970455","https://openalex.org/W2963652075","https://openalex.org/W2994831797","https://openalex.org/W2995050112","https://openalex.org/W3033362905","https://openalex.org/W3033538967","https://openalex.org/W3037443854","https://openalex.org/W3039546006","https://openalex.org/W3100931082","https://openalex.org/W3101824094","https://openalex.org/W3105854567","https://openalex.org/W3131496584","https://openalex.org/W3132235452","https://openalex.org/W3161925181","https://openalex.org/W3195365943","https://openalex.org/W3202536522","https://openalex.org/W4200164985","https://openalex.org/W4206039841","https://openalex.org/W4226455030","https://openalex.org/W4362665337","https://openalex.org/W4380627387","https://openalex.org/W4391519259","https://openalex.org/W4399985161","https://openalex.org/W6631612192"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1980381208","https://openalex.org/W2364594919","https://openalex.org/W2167092671","https://openalex.org/W1861706286","https://openalex.org/W2219338811","https://openalex.org/W2149583853","https://openalex.org/W2143002539","https://openalex.org/W4293472652","https://openalex.org/W2130386332","https://openalex.org/W1120847856"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Digital":[0],"quantum":[1,18,22,44,74,78,131,144,156],"simulation":[2,15,45,58,75],"has":[3],"broad":[4],"applications":[5],"in":[6,24,50,104,128,138,158],"approximating":[7],"unitary":[8,88],"evolution":[9],"of":[10,29,42,66,72,142],"Hamiltonians.":[11],"In":[12,34,98],"practice,":[13],"many":[14],"tasks":[16],"for":[17,69,86,91,100,153],"systems":[19],"focus":[20],"on":[21,47,61],"states":[23],"the":[25,30,40,51,57,62,67,83,105,140,159],"low-energy":[26,52,64,106,160],"subspace":[27],"instead":[28],"entire":[31],"Hilbert":[32],"space.":[33],"this":[35],"paper,":[36],"we":[37,108],"systematically":[38],"investigate":[39],"complexity":[41],"digital":[43,73,130,155],"based":[46],"product":[48,112],"formulas":[49,113],"subspace.":[53,161],"We":[54,133,146],"show":[55],"that":[56,110],"error":[59],"depends":[60],"effective":[63],"norm":[65],"Hamiltonian":[68],"a":[70,135,149],"variety":[71],"algorithms":[76],"and":[77,117],"systems,":[79],"allowing":[80],"improvements":[81],"over":[82],"previous":[84],"complexities":[85],"full":[87],"simulations":[89,157],"even":[90],"imperfect":[92],"state":[93],"preparations":[94],"due":[95],"to":[96],"thermalization.":[97],"particular,":[99],"simulating":[101,139],"spin":[102],"models":[103],"subspace,":[107],"prove":[109,134],"randomized":[111],"such":[114],"as":[115],"qDRIFT":[116],"random":[118],"permutation":[119],"require":[120],"smaller":[121],"Trotter":[122],"numbers.":[123],"Such":[124],"improvement":[125,137],"also":[126,147],"persists":[127],"symmetry-protected":[129],"simulations.":[132],"similar":[136],"dynamics":[141],"power-law":[143],"interactions.":[145],"provide":[148],"query":[150],"lower":[151],"bound":[152],"general":[154]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}