{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391448163","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2024-02-01-1239","title":"Hamiltonian variational ansatz without barren plateaus","display_name":"Hamiltonian variational ansatz without barren plateaus","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391448163","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2024-02-01-1239"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.22331/q-2024-02-01-1239","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2024-02-01-1239","pdf_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2024-02-01-1239/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226432","display_name":"Quantum","issn_l":"2521-327X","issn":["2521-327X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317900","host_organization_name":"Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317900"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2024-02-01-1239/pdf/","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041223251","display_name":"Chae-Yeun Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4430-1000"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150097","display_name":"Xanadu Quantum Technologies (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/05qj0n416","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210150097"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chae-Yeun Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xanadu, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C8, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xanadu, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C8, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150097"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073500091","display_name":"Nathan Killoran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5021-7467"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150097","display_name":"Xanadu Quantum Technologies (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/05qj0n416","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210150097"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nathan Killoran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xanadu, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C8, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xanadu, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C8, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150097"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041223251"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150097"],"apc_list":{"value":200,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":215},"apc_paid":{"value":200,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":215},"fwci":56.959,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":61,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99978396,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"1239","last_page":"1239"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10287","display_name":"Algebraic structures and combinatorial models","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2608","display_name":"Geometry and Topology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10287","display_name":"Algebraic structures and combinatorial models","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2608","display_name":"Geometry and Topology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11804","display_name":"Quantum many-body systems","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11261","display_name":"Quantum chaos and dynamical systems","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ansatz","display_name":"Ansatz","score":0.9520708322525024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hamiltonian","display_name":"Hamiltonian (control theory)","score":0.63985276222229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-physics","display_name":"Mathematical physics","score":0.5154088735580444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.43663328886032104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-physics","display_name":"Statistical physics","score":0.36998239159584045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.34138843417167664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.11027023196220398}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130979935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q568954","display_name":"Ansatz","level":2,"score":0.9520708322525024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130787639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5645293","display_name":"Hamiltonian (control theory)","level":2,"score":0.63985276222229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37914503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495","display_name":"Mathematical physics","level":1,"score":0.5154088735580444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.43663328886032104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.36998239159584045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.34138843417167664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.11027023196220398}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.22331/q-2024-02-01-1239","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2024-02-01-1239","pdf_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2024-02-01-1239/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226432","display_name":"Quantum","issn_l":"2521-327X","issn":["2521-327X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317900","host_organization_name":"Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317900"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c70a4c63e2d84ef09fa198c9d544c066","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c70a4c63e2d84ef09fa198c9d544c066","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Quantum, Vol 8, p 1239 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.22331/q-2024-02-01-1239","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2024-02-01-1239","pdf_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2024-02-01-1239/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226432","display_name":"Quantum","issn_l":"2521-327X","issn":["2521-327X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317900","host_organization_name":"Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317900"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1286236842","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"-AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1677143136","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317220","funder_display_name":"National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3083819904","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3944918260","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G425189044","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02-05CH","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4369507515","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NERSC","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4501827968","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4565140552","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"-AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4841871747","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE_AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G498139845","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5076365615","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317220","funder_display_name":"National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5315912995","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5614806141","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317220","funder_display_name":"National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5802748842","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02-05CH112","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6330738325","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE_AC02_05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6348972864","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6429026066","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02-05CH112","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6558272803","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7340683655","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"E-AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7406122311","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC02-05CH1123","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7664691372","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02-05CH1123","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7825954517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02-05CH1123","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7861570460","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02-05CH1123","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317220","funder_display_name":"National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8414908677","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC0","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G897164627","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02_05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G969889393","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317220","display_name":"National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05v3mvq14"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","display_name":"Office of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00mmn6b08"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391448163.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":78,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W1759597146","https://openalex.org/W1965873870","https://openalex.org/W1967883933","https://openalex.org/W1977271250","https://openalex.org/W1986168108","https://openalex.org/W2012325037","https://openalex.org/W2014489580","https://openalex.org/W2015711858","https://openalex.org/W2015811642","https://openalex.org/W2034251480","https://openalex.org/W2039763880","https://openalex.org/W2052387497","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2070784920","https://openalex.org/W2086612234","https://openalex.org/W2161685427","https://openalex.org/W2219078926","https://openalex.org/W2254754114","https://openalex.org/W2264365496","https://openalex.org/W2488907218","https://openalex.org/W2520347247","https://openalex.org/W2537703961","https://openalex.org/W2558921197","https://openalex.org/W2559394418","https://openalex.org/W2619619341","https://openalex.org/W2754868542","https://openalex.org/W2755255888","https://openalex.org/W2781738013","https://openalex.org/W2790388700","https://openalex.org/W2792946961","https://openalex.org/W2794444783","https://openalex.org/W2801064005","https://openalex.org/W2902617076","https://openalex.org/W2903221501","https://openalex.org/W2903627855","https://openalex.org/W2921920881","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W2979788593","https://openalex.org/W2982169647","https://openalex.org/W3021584456","https://openalex.org/W3026863321","https://openalex.org/W3047776431","https://openalex.org/W3080410339","https://openalex.org/W3090365491","https://openalex.org/W3098268180","https://openalex.org/W3098445865","https://openalex.org/W3100190939","https://openalex.org/W3100459566","https://openalex.org/W3100931082","https://openalex.org/W3103548843","https://openalex.org/W3103872322","https://openalex.org/W3104022488","https://openalex.org/W3104396616","https://openalex.org/W3104756137","https://openalex.org/W3105838549","https://openalex.org/W3107463944","https://openalex.org/W3111162498","https://openalex.org/W3112014248","https://openalex.org/W3118800713","https://openalex.org/W3120167980","https://openalex.org/W3122066306","https://openalex.org/W3130778196","https://openalex.org/W3135926897","https://openalex.org/W3136233239","https://openalex.org/W3148001159","https://openalex.org/W3166275705","https://openalex.org/W3172713805","https://openalex.org/W3182433019","https://openalex.org/W3191906165","https://openalex.org/W3207697613","https://openalex.org/W3209973822","https://openalex.org/W4220781123","https://openalex.org/W4221149720","https://openalex.org/W4281891658","https://openalex.org/W4313410848","https://openalex.org/W4379054879","https://openalex.org/W4389783315"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W967694206","https://openalex.org/W2167346724","https://openalex.org/W2082934080","https://openalex.org/W4226100472","https://openalex.org/W1985814613","https://openalex.org/W2163012876","https://openalex.org/W1965747177","https://openalex.org/W3125867821","https://openalex.org/W2128008443","https://openalex.org/W2910476759"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Variational":[0],"quantum":[1,8,27,37,75,123,174],"algorithms,":[2],"which":[3,117,152],"combine":[4],"highly":[5],"expressive":[6],"parameterized":[7],"circuits":[9],"(PQCs)":[10],"and":[11,176],"optimization":[12],"techniques":[13],"in":[14],"machine":[15],"learning,":[16],"are":[17],"one":[18],"of":[19,24,35,41,47,54,60,74,93],"the":[20,33,48,52,112,153,172],"most":[21],"promising":[22],"applications":[23],"a":[25,61,79,97,129,133,138,177],"near-term":[26],"computer.":[28],"Despite":[29],"their":[30],"huge":[31],"potential,":[32],"utility":[34],"variational":[36,114,173],"algorithms":[38,175],"beyond":[39],"tens":[40],"qubits":[42],"is":[43,51,65,100,118,155],"still":[44,101],"questioned.":[45],"One":[46],"central":[49],"problems":[50],"trainability":[53],"PQCs.":[55],"The":[56],"cost":[57],"function":[58],"landscape":[59],"randomly":[62],"initialized":[63],"PQC":[64],"often":[66],"too":[67],"flat,":[68],"asking":[69],"for":[70,111,121,151,171],"an":[71,160,168],"exponential":[72],"amount":[73],"resources":[76],"to":[77],"find":[78],"solution.":[80],"This":[81],"problem,":[82],"dubbed":[83],"<mml:math":[84],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mml:mrow":[85],"class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\"><mml:mtext":[86],"class=\"MJX-tex-mathit\"":[87],"mathvariant=\"italic\">barren":[88],"plateaus</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:math>,":[89],"has":[90],"gained":[91],"lots":[92],"attention":[94],"recently,":[95],"but":[96],"general":[98],"solution":[99],"not":[102,142],"available.":[103],"In":[104],"this":[105,109,164],"paper,":[106],"we":[107,147,166],"solve":[108],"problem":[110],"Hamiltonian":[113,140],"ansatz":[115,179],"(HVA),":[116],"widely":[119],"studied":[120],"solving":[122],"many-body":[124],"problems.":[125],"After":[126],"showing":[127],"that":[128],"circuit":[130],"described":[131],"by":[132,137,158],"time-evolution":[134],"operator":[135],"generated":[136],"local":[139],"does":[141],"have":[143],"exponentially":[144],"small":[145],"gradients,":[146],"derive":[148],"parameter":[149],"conditions":[150],"HVA":[154],"well":[156],"approximated":[157],"such":[159],"operator.":[161],"Based":[162],"on":[163],"result,":[165],"propose":[167],"initialization":[169],"scheme":[170],"parameter-constrained":[178],"free":[180],"from":[181],"barren":[182],"plateaus.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-15T08:11:43.952461","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
