{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388671786","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2023-11-14-1181","title":"Composite Quantum Simulations","display_name":"Composite Quantum Simulations","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388671786","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2023-11-14-1181"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.22331/q-2023-11-14-1181","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2023-11-14-1181","pdf_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2023-11-14-1181/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226432","display_name":"Quantum","issn_l":"2521-327X","issn":["2521-327X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317900","host_organization_name":"Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317900"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2023-11-14-1181/pdf/","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035609943","display_name":"Matthew Hagan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4130-3430"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew Hagan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004290683","display_name":"Nathan Wiebe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7642-1061"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109736498","display_name":"Canadian Institute for Advanced Research","ror":"https://ror.org/01sdtdd95","country_code":"CA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109736498"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142606810","display_name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05h992307","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325736334","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I142606810","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nathan Wiebe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Canadian Institute for Advanced Study, Toronto ON, Canada","Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland Wa, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Canadian Institute for Advanced Study, Toronto ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109736498"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland Wa, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142606810"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":200,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":215},"apc_paid":{"value":200,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":215},"fwci":2.3732,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90784377,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"1181","last_page":"1181"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10382","display_name":"Quantum and electron transport phenomena","score":0.989799976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hamiltonian","display_name":"Hamiltonian (control theory)","score":0.6148654222488403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.5927886366844177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5702598094940186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bounded-function","display_name":"Bounded function","score":0.5293997526168823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.524777352809906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-number","display_name":"Composite number","score":0.5171105861663818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asymptotically-optimal-algorithm","display_name":"Asymptotically optimal algorithm","score":0.47638291120529175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.46433770656585693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.4582085609436035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applied-mathematics","display_name":"Applied mathematics","score":0.4096441864967346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3866795599460602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-physics","display_name":"Statistical physics","score":0.3527272343635559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3236575126647949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.10917341709136963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.08629658818244934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.07993564009666443}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130787639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5645293","display_name":"Hamiltonian (control theory)","level":2,"score":0.6148654222488403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.5927886366844177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5702598094940186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34388435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267362","display_name":"Bounded function","level":2,"score":0.5293997526168823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.524777352809906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104779481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50707","display_name":"Composite number","level":2,"score":0.5171105861663818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181789720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4812191","display_name":"Asymptotically optimal algorithm","level":2,"score":0.47638291120529175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.46433770656585693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.4582085609436035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.4096441864967346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3866795599460602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.3527272343635559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3236575126647949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10917341709136963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.08629658818244934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.07993564009666443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.22331/q-2023-11-14-1181","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2023-11-14-1181","pdf_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2023-11-14-1181/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226432","display_name":"Quantum","issn_l":"2521-327X","issn":["2521-327X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317900","host_organization_name":"Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317900"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7b55b4e528dc4b77a416a149bd8b7a6e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7b55b4e528dc4b77a416a149bd8b7a6e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Quantum, Vol 7, p 1181 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.22331/q-2023-11-14-1181","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2023-11-14-1181","pdf_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2023-11-14-1181/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226432","display_name":"Quantum","issn_l":"2521-327X","issn":["2521-327X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317900","host_organization_name":"Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317900"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6357584807","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SC0012704","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7642226822","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-SC0012704","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388671786.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1871899311","https://openalex.org/W1973942282","https://openalex.org/W1982899292","https://openalex.org/W2062738866","https://openalex.org/W2064906820","https://openalex.org/W2071874678","https://openalex.org/W2079692740","https://openalex.org/W2097174474","https://openalex.org/W2103373613","https://openalex.org/W2349487082","https://openalex.org/W2464336432","https://openalex.org/W2535738892","https://openalex.org/W2620582212","https://openalex.org/W2803843259","https://openalex.org/W2805699655","https://openalex.org/W2901677314","https://openalex.org/W2951814536","https://openalex.org/W2963652075","https://openalex.org/W2980123143","https://openalex.org/W2995050112","https://openalex.org/W3098107311","https://openalex.org/W3098640891","https://openalex.org/W3101824094","https://openalex.org/W3104134044","https://openalex.org/W3105081351","https://openalex.org/W3106047133","https://openalex.org/W3198317698","https://openalex.org/W3201141196","https://openalex.org/W3202536522","https://openalex.org/W3213044520","https://openalex.org/W3217227730","https://openalex.org/W4288278870","https://openalex.org/W4296351031"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3013085049","https://openalex.org/W1560496689","https://openalex.org/W4386900933","https://openalex.org/W4385301946","https://openalex.org/W3148718598","https://openalex.org/W2494523064","https://openalex.org/W2163788280","https://openalex.org/W2943623134","https://openalex.org/W4297797135","https://openalex.org/W3125672081"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper":[2],"we":[3,133],"provide":[4],"a":[5,20,43,48,58,80],"framework":[6],"for":[7,30,123,136,144],"combining":[8],"multiple":[9],"quantum":[10],"simulation":[11,99,147],"methods,":[12],"such":[13],"as":[14,140,142],"Trotter-Suzuki":[15,82],"formulas":[16],"and":[17,96,101,129],"QDrift":[18,55,73],"into":[19],"single":[21],"Composite":[22,94,111],"channel":[23,59,95,100,112],"that":[24,46,120],"builds":[25],"upon":[26],"older":[27],"coalescing":[28],"ideas":[29],"reducing":[31],"gate":[32],"counts.":[33],"The":[34],"central":[35],"idea":[36],"behind":[37],"our":[38],"approach":[39],"is":[40,113],"to":[41,51,66],"use":[42],"partitioning":[44,126,138],"scheme":[45],"allocates":[47],"Hamiltonian":[49],"term":[50],"the":[52,61,76,89,93,97,106,110,118,150],"Trotter":[53],"or":[54],"part":[56],"of":[57,108,127],"within":[60,149],"simulation.":[62],"This":[63],"allows":[64],"us":[65],"simulate":[67],"small":[68],"but":[69],"numerous":[70],"terms":[71,78,128],"using":[72,79],"while":[74],"simulating":[75],"larger":[77],"high-order":[81],"formula.":[83],"We":[84],"prove":[85],"rigorous":[86],"bounds":[87],"on":[88],"diamond":[90],"distance":[91],"between":[92],"ideal":[98],"show":[102],"under":[103],"what":[104],"conditions":[105],"cost":[107],"implementing":[109],"asymptotically":[114],"upper":[115],"bounded":[116],"by":[117],"methods":[119,143,148],"comprise":[121],"it":[122],"both":[124],"probabilistic":[125],"deterministic":[130],"partitioning.":[131],"Finally,":[132],"discuss":[134],"strategies":[135],"determining":[137],"schemes":[139],"well":[141],"incorporating":[145],"different":[146],"same":[151],"framework.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}