{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2471819066","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2021-10-05-557","title":"Gate Set Tomography","display_name":"Gate Set Tomography","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2471819066","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2021-10-05-557","mag":"2471819066"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.22331/q-2021-10-05-557","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2021-10-05-557","pdf_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2021-10-05-557/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226432","display_name":"Quantum","issn_l":"2521-327X","issn":["2521-327X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317900","host_organization_name":"Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317900"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2021-10-05-557/pdf/","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Erik Nielsen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Erik Nielsen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Quantum Performance Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quantum Performance Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"John King Gamble","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164937","display_name":"Microsoft Research (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k87vq12","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John King Gamble","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Kenneth Rudinger","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kenneth Rudinger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Quantum Performance Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quantum Performance Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Travis Scholten","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Travis Scholten","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Quantum, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Quantum, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Kevin Young","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Young","raw_affiliation_strings":["Quantum Performance Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quantum Performance Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Robin Blume-Kohout","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robin Blume-Kohout","raw_affiliation_strings":["Quantum Performance Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quantum Performance Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104735"],"apc_list":{"value":200,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":215},"apc_paid":{"value":200,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":215},"fwci":19.1509,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":191,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99456225,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":null,"first_page":"557","last_page":"557"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.24410000443458557,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.24410000443458557,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11032","display_name":"VLSI and Analog Circuit Testing","score":0.10419999808073044,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.06960000097751617,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5662000179290771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.5551000237464905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.5526000261306763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4805000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4674000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretation","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","score":0.41609999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scaling","display_name":"Scaling","score":0.41280001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","score":0.3547999858856201}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5878000259399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5662000179290771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.5551000237464905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5526000261306763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5167999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4805000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4674000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.43869999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.41609999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.41280001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3650999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3547999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167822520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176452","display_name":"Finite-state machine","level":2,"score":0.3537999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40976572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2330873","display_name":"Gauge (firearms)","level":2,"score":0.34619998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131017901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170451","display_name":"Logic gate","level":2,"score":0.32670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780428219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16952335","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.3116999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.30820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.29490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841267","display_name":"Tomography","level":2,"score":0.2928999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.2892000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10418432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q560370","display_name":"AND gate","level":3,"score":0.28870001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2872999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.2775000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.27300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780841128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5073781","display_name":"Characterization (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.26739999651908875}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.22331/q-2021-10-05-557","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2021-10-05-557","pdf_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2021-10-05-557/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226432","display_name":"Quantum","issn_l":"2521-327X","issn":["2521-327X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317900","host_organization_name":"Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317900"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2009.07301","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2009.07301","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2009.07301","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1828793","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1828793","pdf_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1828793","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2ae9defcf5854abbbc867d071a416c82","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2ae9defcf5854abbbc867d071a416c82","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Quantum, Vol 5, p 557 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.22331/q-2021-10-05-557","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2021-10-05-557","pdf_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2021-10-05-557/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226432","display_name":"Quantum","issn_l":"2521-327X","issn":["2521-327X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317900","host_organization_name":"Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317900"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1741288133","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Sandia","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332369","funder_display_name":"National Nuclear Security Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2209453243","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-NA0003525","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2214935549","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NA0003525","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338291","funder_display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G288067973","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"0003525","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3437464539","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-NA000352","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332369","funder_display_name":"National Nuclear Security Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3821936529","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Sandia","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4903105778","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NA0003525","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4947178736","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"-NA0003525","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5211897158","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-NA0003525","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332369","funder_display_name":"National Nuclear Security Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5339743583","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NA0003525","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332369","funder_display_name":"National Nuclear Security Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G648530007","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-NA000352","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338291","funder_display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8279418378","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-NA0003525","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338291","funder_display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332369","display_name":"National Nuclear Security Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/03sk1we31"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338291","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2471819066.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2471819066.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":166,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W329425388","https://openalex.org/W1520541362","https://openalex.org/W1527730705","https://openalex.org/W1529624360","https://openalex.org/W1532834996","https://openalex.org/W1533625736","https://openalex.org/W1567452835","https://openalex.org/W1583704075","https://openalex.org/W1623348669","https://openalex.org/W1643301482","https://openalex.org/W1874981471","https://openalex.org/W1886785431","https://openalex.org/W1895592099","https://openalex.org/W1942002803","https://openalex.org/W1963944940","https://openalex.org/W1964899399","https://openalex.org/W1965471276","https://openalex.org/W1965928854","https://openalex.org/W1965985358","https://openalex.org/W1968850365","https://openalex.org/W1971487905","https://openalex.org/W1974123702","https://openalex.org/W1974169933","https://openalex.org/W1981293336","https://openalex.org/W1984257000","https://openalex.org/W1984964553","https://openalex.org/W1986937067","https://openalex.org/W1987661186","https://openalex.org/W1993000102","https://openalex.org/W1994972076","https://openalex.org/W2006820723","https://openalex.org/W2008302279","https://openalex.org/W2009654826","https://openalex.org/W2011260430","https://openalex.org/W2012895716","https://openalex.org/W2015683881","https://openalex.org/W2015775929","https://openalex.org/W2017477211","https://openalex.org/W2017598107","https://openalex.org/W2019195698","https://openalex.org/W2019630194","https://openalex.org/W2019841176","https://openalex.org/W2024614655","https://openalex.org/W2025842401","https://openalex.org/W2027127692","https://openalex.org/W2027313461","https://openalex.org/W2029147467","https://openalex.org/W2032147770","https://openalex.org/W2032609902","https://openalex.org/W2036668817","https://openalex.org/W2039312417","https://openalex.org/W2042917213","https://openalex.org/W2043071608","https://openalex.org/W2047498859","https://openalex.org/W2049737808","https://openalex.org/W2051669075","https://openalex.org/W2054324003","https://openalex.org/W2054469176","https://openalex.org/W2059411923","https://openalex.org/W2062506119","https://openalex.org/W2063059850","https://openalex.org/W2066583424","https://openalex.org/W2072329172","https://openalex.org/W2072878982","https://openalex.org/W2075681185","https://openalex.org/W2075892056","https://openalex.org/W2078116645","https://openalex.org/W2078233768","https://openalex.org/W2078439793","https://openalex.org/W2079099822","https://openalex.org/W2089927214","https://openalex.org/W2090368878","https://openalex.org/W2092733995","https://openalex.org/W2092984882","https://openalex.org/W2098271372","https://openalex.org/W2100068753","https://openalex.org/W2100366397","https://openalex.org/W2116102644","https://openalex.org/W2125882885","https://openalex.org/W2136265395","https://openalex.org/W2136602825","https://openalex.org/W2140336578","https://openalex.org/W2150787438","https://openalex.org/W2156907431","https://openalex.org/W2170385165","https://openalex.org/W2170620327","https://openalex.org/W2197609911","https://openalex.org/W2202775496","https://openalex.org/W2263382461","https://openalex.org/W2268084203","https://openalex.org/W2282139290","https://openalex.org/W2308968359","https://openalex.org/W2321385575","https://openalex.org/W2329861040","https://openalex.org/W2338653245","https://openalex.org/W2413371849","https://openalex.org/W2413431493","https://openalex.org/W2415710521","https://openalex.org/W2482126025","https://openalex.org/W2496565497","https://openalex.org/W2518710099","https://openalex.org/W2529146392","https://openalex.org/W2583795980","https://openalex.org/W2585371856","https://openalex.org/W2586874551","https://openalex.org/W2593843216","https://openalex.org/W2595654587","https://openalex.org/W2596788354","https://openalex.org/W2597155822","https://openalex.org/W2597208492","https://openalex.org/W2601605887","https://openalex.org/W2604172699","https://openalex.org/W2613136543","https://openalex.org/W2625656753","https://openalex.org/W2625800651","https://openalex.org/W2626992219","https://openalex.org/W2649051464","https://openalex.org/W2738150280","https://openalex.org/W2758259983","https://openalex.org/W2764035156","https://openalex.org/W2776564547","https://openalex.org/W2778498694","https://openalex.org/W2790865860","https://openalex.org/W2792514889","https://openalex.org/W2794503138","https://openalex.org/W2799493790","https://openalex.org/W2801841218","https://openalex.org/W2803486273","https://openalex.org/W2806169300","https://openalex.org/W2884175209","https://openalex.org/W2895591481","https://openalex.org/W2897634667","https://openalex.org/W2902785919","https://openalex.org/W2903516100","https://openalex.org/W2912214415","https://openalex.org/W2924182316","https://openalex.org/W2935584343","https://openalex.org/W2936453799","https://openalex.org/W2939352563","https://openalex.org/W2941673255","https://openalex.org/W2945191606","https://openalex.org/W2945916077","https://openalex.org/W2947521293","https://openalex.org/W2949991399","https://openalex.org/W2950205552","https://openalex.org/W2950844595","https://openalex.org/W2951710950","https://openalex.org/W2951823086","https://openalex.org/W2963751607","https://openalex.org/W2963956175","https://openalex.org/W2970450884","https://openalex.org/W2971781434","https://openalex.org/W2978130725","https://openalex.org/W2982169647","https://openalex.org/W2989336327","https://openalex.org/W2990946860","https://openalex.org/W3006823398","https://openalex.org/W3008681071","https://openalex.org/W3036685850","https://openalex.org/W3038572776","https://openalex.org/W3038966512","https://openalex.org/W3088995371","https://openalex.org/W3102429237","https://openalex.org/W3117970626","https://openalex.org/W4250589301","https://openalex.org/W6744118000"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Gate":[0],"set":[1],"tomography":[2,64],"(GST)":[3],"is":[4,66,69,163],"a":[5,37,92],"protocol":[6],"for":[7],"detailed,":[8],"predictive":[9],"characterization":[10],"of":[11,21,40,47,56,123,155,158,167,178],"logic":[12],"operations":[13,90],"(gates)":[14],"on":[15,79,176],"quantum":[16],"computing":[17],"processors.":[18],"Early":[19],"versions":[20],"GST":[22,48,75,108],"emerged":[23],"around":[24],"2012-13,":[25],"and":[26,34,62,83,100,116,136,148,152],"since":[27],"then":[28],"it":[29,68,86],"has":[30],"been":[31],"refined,":[32],"demonstrated,":[33],"used":[35,138,183],"in":[36,49,91,121,184],"large":[38],"number":[39],"experiments.":[41],"This":[42],"paper":[43],"presents":[44],"the":[45,89,134,153,179,185],"foundations":[46],"comprehensive":[50],"detail.":[51],"The":[52],"most":[53],"important":[54],"feature":[55],"GST,":[57,168],"compared":[58],"to":[59,103,139],"older":[60],"state":[61,81],"process":[63],"protocols,":[65],"that":[67],"<mml:math":[70,93,186],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mml:mrow":[71,94,187],"class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\"><mml:mtext":[72,95,188],"class=\"MJX-tex-mathit\"":[73,96],"mathvariant=\"italic\">calibration-free</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:math>.":[74],"does":[76],"not":[77],"rely":[78],"pre-calibrated":[80],"preparations":[82],"measurements.":[84],"Instead,":[85],"characterizes":[87],"all":[88],"mathvariant=\"italic\">gate":[97],"set</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:math>":[98],"simultaneously":[99],"self-consistently,":[101],"relative":[102],"each":[104],"other.":[105],"Long":[106],"sequence":[107],"can":[109],"estimate":[110],"gates":[111],"with":[112],"very":[113],"high":[114],"precision":[115],"efficiency,":[117],"achieving":[118],"Heisenberg":[119],"scaling":[120],"regimes":[122],"practical":[124],"interest.":[125],"In":[126],"this":[127],"paper,":[128],"we":[129,174],"cover":[130],"GST's":[131],"intellectual":[132],"history,":[133],"techniques":[135],"experiments":[137],"achieve":[140],"its":[141],"intended":[142],"purpose,":[143],"data":[144],"analysis,":[145],"gauge":[146],"freedom":[147],"fixing,":[149],"error":[150],"bars,":[151],"interpretation":[154],"gauge-fixed":[156],"estimates":[157],"gate":[159],"sets.":[160],"Our":[161],"focus":[162],"fundamental":[164],"mathematical":[165],"aspects":[166],"rather":[169],"than":[170],"implementation":[171],"details,":[172],"but":[173],"touch":[175],"some":[177],"foundational":[180],"algorithmic":[181],"tricks":[182],"mathvariant=\"monospace\">pyGSTi</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:math>":[189],"implementation.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":49},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":51},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":57},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T08:04:53.788161","created_date":"2016-07-22T00:00:00"}