{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3016593050","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2020-10-26-350","title":"Emergence of the Born rule in quantum optics","display_name":"Emergence of the Born rule in quantum optics","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3016593050","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2020-10-26-350","mag":"3016593050"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.22331/q-2020-10-26-350","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2020-10-26-350","pdf_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2020-10-26-350/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226432","display_name":"Quantum","issn_l":"2521-327X","issn":["2521-327X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317900","host_organization_name":"Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317900"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2020-10-26-350/pdf/","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Brian R. La Cour","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7899-0938"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388482719","display_name":"Applied Research Laboratories, The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/053wph561","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4388482719","https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Brian R. La Cour","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Research Laboratories, The University of Texas at Austin, P.O. Box 8029, Austin, TX 78713-8029"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Research Laboratories, The University of Texas at Austin, P.O. Box 8029, Austin, TX 78713-8029","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309","https://openalex.org/I4388482719"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Morgan C. Williamson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6867-9916"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388482719","display_name":"Applied Research Laboratories, The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/053wph561","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4388482719","https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Morgan C. Williamson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Research Laboratories, The University of Texas at Austin, P.O. Box 8029, Austin, TX 78713-8029"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Research Laboratories, The University of Texas at Austin, P.O. Box 8029, Austin, TX 78713-8029","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309","https://openalex.org/I4388482719"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4388482719","https://openalex.org/I86519309"],"apc_list":{"value":200,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":215},"apc_paid":{"value":200,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":215},"fwci":0.6947,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68641604,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":null,"first_page":"350","last_page":"350"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.7340999841690063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.7340999841690063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.16200000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12220","display_name":"Quantum Electrodynamics and Casimir Effect","score":0.024800000712275505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/connection","display_name":"Connection (principal bundle)","score":0.6097999811172485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.5527999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-optics","display_name":"Quantum optics","score":0.5458999872207642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.49050000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photon","display_name":"Photon","score":0.3905999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-quantum-system","display_name":"Open quantum system","score":0.35929998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-field-theory","display_name":"Quantum field theory","score":0.3294000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.3138999938964844}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.6632000207901001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13355873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920850","display_name":"Connection (principal bundle)","level":2,"score":0.6097999811172485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.5527999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68717125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735602","display_name":"Quantum optics","level":2,"score":0.5458999872207642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.5134000182151794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.49050000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33332235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362","display_name":"Theoretical physics","level":1,"score":0.46209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159317903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3198","display_name":"Photon","level":2,"score":0.3905999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190474826","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2495111","display_name":"Open quantum system","level":3,"score":0.35929998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115047598","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54505","display_name":"Quantum field theory","level":2,"score":0.3294000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.3138999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11255438","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7269085","display_name":"Quantum process","level":4,"score":0.31299999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169699857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122243","display_name":"Quantum information","level":3,"score":0.31049999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775929963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245987","display_name":"Atom optics","level":2,"score":0.30640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152026323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1032070","display_name":"Coherent states","level":3,"score":0.2849000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15706264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230883","display_name":"Quantum state","level":3,"score":0.28220000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43682372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7269080","display_name":"Quantum operation","level":4,"score":0.2712000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.2639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.26089999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.259799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28855332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198099","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.2565000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154236941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q942347","display_name":"Physical optics","level":2,"score":0.25360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121040770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215675","display_name":"Quantum entanglement","level":3,"score":0.251800000667572}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.22331/q-2020-10-26-350","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2020-10-26-350","pdf_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2020-10-26-350/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226432","display_name":"Quantum","issn_l":"2521-327X","issn":["2521-327X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317900","host_organization_name":"Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317900"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2004.08749","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.08749","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2004.08749","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0932efbebbab4221b206c3f3500976e5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0932efbebbab4221b206c3f3500976e5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Quantum, Vol 4, p 350 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.22331/q-2020-10-26-350","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2020-10-26-350","pdf_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2020-10-26-350/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226432","display_name":"Quantum","issn_l":"2521-327X","issn":["2521-327X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317900","host_organization_name":"Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317900"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G146276971","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014-17-1-2107","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2811237814","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4504108201","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014-17-1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4751570384","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"4-17-1-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5357900919","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014-17-1-21","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8876996369","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3016593050.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3016593050.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W89660469","https://openalex.org/W234899517","https://openalex.org/W1489402929","https://openalex.org/W1541044175","https://openalex.org/W1556310567","https://openalex.org/W1608733786","https://openalex.org/W1709784975","https://openalex.org/W1965471276","https://openalex.org/W1969232365","https://openalex.org/W1987828919","https://openalex.org/W1989440127","https://openalex.org/W1994932289","https://openalex.org/W2004260332","https://openalex.org/W2004591859","https://openalex.org/W2005625556","https://openalex.org/W2022666050","https://openalex.org/W2033364080","https://openalex.org/W2034920898","https://openalex.org/W2035261392","https://openalex.org/W2044763259","https://openalex.org/W2055021728","https://openalex.org/W2057205809","https://openalex.org/W2070217890","https://openalex.org/W2103235737","https://openalex.org/W2109399574","https://openalex.org/W2114097255","https://openalex.org/W2135830616","https://openalex.org/W2144126354","https://openalex.org/W2146769591","https://openalex.org/W2167004709","https://openalex.org/W2174298480","https://openalex.org/W2551827292","https://openalex.org/W2589855919","https://openalex.org/W2762179548","https://openalex.org/W2764035156","https://openalex.org/W2890567288","https://openalex.org/W2922965184","https://openalex.org/W3102502632","https://openalex.org/W3149729485","https://openalex.org/W4205583658","https://openalex.org/W4211058570","https://openalex.org/W4237336424","https://openalex.org/W4244350502","https://openalex.org/W4248998883","https://openalex.org/W4251394899","https://openalex.org/W7036799540"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,48],"Born":[1],"rule":[2],"provides":[3],"a":[4,18,38,63],"fundamental":[5],"connection":[6,49],"between":[7],"theory":[8],"and":[9,34],"observation":[10,51],"in":[11,99],"quantum":[12,28,39,98],"mechanics,":[13],"yet":[14],"its":[15],"origin":[16],"remains":[17],"mystery.":[19],"We":[20],"consider":[21],"this":[22,85],"problem":[23],"within":[24],"the":[25,35,106],"context":[26],"of":[27,37,67,75,89,105],"optics":[29],"using":[30],"only":[31],"classical":[32,55],"physics":[33],"assumption":[36],"electrodynamic":[40],"vacuum":[41],"that":[42,59,84],"is":[43,52,87],"real":[44],"rather":[45],"than":[46],"virtual.":[47],"to":[50,95],"made":[53],"via":[54],"intensity":[56],"threshold":[57],"detectors":[58],"are":[60],"used":[61],"as":[62],"simple,":[64],"deterministic":[65],"model":[66,86],"photon":[68],"detection.":[69],"By":[70],"following":[71],"standard":[72],"experimental":[73],"conventions":[74],"data":[76],"analysis":[77],"on":[78],"discrete":[79],"detection":[80],"events,":[81],"we":[82],"show":[83],"capable":[88],"reproducing":[90],"several":[91],"observed":[92],"phenomena":[93],"thought":[94],"be":[96],"uniquely":[97],"nature,":[100],"thus":[101],"providing":[102],"greater":[103],"elucidation":[104],"quantum-classical":[107],"boundary.":[108]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2020-04-24T00:00:00"}