{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2950056582","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2019-06-24-153","title":"Imperfect Thermalizations Allow for Optimal Thermodynamic Processes","display_name":"Imperfect Thermalizations Allow for Optimal Thermodynamic Processes","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-06-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2950056582","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2019-06-24-153","mag":"2950056582"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.22331/q-2019-06-24-153","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2019-06-24-153","pdf_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2019-06-24-153/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226432","display_name":"Quantum","issn_l":"2521-327X","issn":["2521-327X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317900","host_organization_name":"Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317900"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2019-06-24-153/pdf/","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Elisa B\u00e4umer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1882-8693"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elisa B\u00e4umer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Theoretical Physics, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 27, 8093 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1882-8693","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Theoretical Physics, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 27, 8093 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mart\u00ed Perarnau-Llobet","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4658-0632"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120293","display_name":"Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics","ror":"https://ror.org/01vekys64","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210120293"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mart\u00ed Perarnau-Llobet","raw_affiliation_strings":["Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4658-0632","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120293"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Philipp Kammerlander","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1379-3092"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philipp Kammerlander","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Theoretical Physics, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 27, 8093 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1379-3092","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Theoretical Physics, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 27, 8093 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Henrik Wilming","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0306-7679"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henrik Wilming","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Theoretical Physics, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 27, 8093 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0306-7679","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Theoretical Physics, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 27, 8093 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Renato Renner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5044-6113"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Renato Renner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Theoretical Physics, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 27, 8093 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5044-6113","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Theoretical Physics, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 27, 8093 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":200,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":215},"apc_paid":{"value":200,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":215},"fwci":2.2215,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88542207,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":null,"first_page":"153","last_page":"153"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11520","display_name":"Advanced Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics","score":0.9886000156402588,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11520","display_name":"Advanced Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics","score":0.9886000156402588,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11804","display_name":"Quantum many-body systems","score":0.0034000000450760126,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12772","display_name":"Control and Stability of Dynamical Systems","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/imperfect","display_name":"Imperfect","score":0.6452999711036682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal","display_name":"Thermal","score":0.5299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.4643000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hamiltonian","display_name":"Hamiltonian (control theory)","score":0.4456000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collision","display_name":"Collision","score":0.4235999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.40369999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.39910000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermodynamic-system","display_name":"Thermodynamic system","score":0.349700003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-equilibrium-thermodynamics","display_name":"Non-equilibrium thermodynamics","score":0.3476000130176544}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780310539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12547192","display_name":"Imperfect","level":2,"score":0.6452999711036682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.5299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4643000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.46389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130787639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5645293","display_name":"Hamiltonian (control theory)","level":2,"score":0.4456000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121704057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352070","display_name":"Collision","level":2,"score":0.4235999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.40560001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.40369999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.39910000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14380042","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503327","display_name":"Thermodynamic system","level":2,"score":0.349700003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74859849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2466686","display_name":"Non-equilibrium thermodynamics","level":2,"score":0.3476000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29310469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3175122","display_name":"Thermal equilibrium","level":2,"score":0.34619998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.33959999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105236789","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213016","display_name":"Thermodynamic process","level":3,"score":0.334199994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.3050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91575142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1971426","display_name":"Optimal control","level":2,"score":0.30390000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.301800012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47822265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q854457","display_name":"Complex system","level":2,"score":0.29910001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192391303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324943","display_name":"Thermal reservoir","level":4,"score":0.29840001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.29499998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.29179999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.29120001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121770821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072471","display_name":"Hamiltonian system","level":2,"score":0.28209999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778926657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum system","level":3,"score":0.27459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114834414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15477170","display_name":"Thermal management of electronic devices and systems","level":2,"score":0.27140000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2687999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.2540999948978424}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.22331/q-2019-06-24-153","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2019-06-24-153","pdf_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2019-06-24-153/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226432","display_name":"Quantum","issn_l":"2521-327X","issn":["2521-327X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317900","host_organization_name":"Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317900"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1712.07128","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1712.07128","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1712.07128","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:84b7c79f21264c49a02cd3b8e580b94f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/84b7c79f21264c49a02cd3b8e580b94f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Quantum, Vol 3, p 153 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.22331/q-2019-06-24-153","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2019-06-24-153","pdf_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2019-06-24-153/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226432","display_name":"Quantum","issn_l":"2521-327X","issn":["2521-327X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317900","host_organization_name":"Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317900"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2125965697","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"200020_165843","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320924","funder_display_name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4817837583","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"200020_165843","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335366","funder_display_name":"National Center of Competence in Research Quantum Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8147686738","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 200020_165843","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320924","funder_display_name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308269","display_name":"Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung","ror":"https://ror.org/012kf4317"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320924","display_name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/00yjd3n13"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335366","display_name":"National Center of Competence in Research Quantum Science and Technology","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2950056582.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2950056582.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1166788151","https://openalex.org/W1578322733","https://openalex.org/W1743077765","https://openalex.org/W1930481778","https://openalex.org/W1964570781","https://openalex.org/W1965587404","https://openalex.org/W1978252435","https://openalex.org/W1986041196","https://openalex.org/W2002003780","https://openalex.org/W2028281484","https://openalex.org/W2029705873","https://openalex.org/W2033516499","https://openalex.org/W2036150177","https://openalex.org/W2037511573","https://openalex.org/W2043484780","https://openalex.org/W2043738553","https://openalex.org/W2056301979","https://openalex.org/W2065885995","https://openalex.org/W2079385046","https://openalex.org/W2081441785","https://openalex.org/W2082752464","https://openalex.org/W2112212919","https://openalex.org/W2133586309","https://openalex.org/W2149125057","https://openalex.org/W2149801992","https://openalex.org/W2155339084","https://openalex.org/W2161321725","https://openalex.org/W2165339980","https://openalex.org/W2180353681","https://openalex.org/W2230449849","https://openalex.org/W2253794019","https://openalex.org/W2255855669","https://openalex.org/W2517949023","https://openalex.org/W2528723621","https://openalex.org/W2549063097","https://openalex.org/W2553093917","https://openalex.org/W2560710469","https://openalex.org/W2606703701","https://openalex.org/W2735176212","https://openalex.org/W2736685835","https://openalex.org/W2742612096","https://openalex.org/W2776721619","https://openalex.org/W2796785261","https://openalex.org/W2868523926","https://openalex.org/W3037464230","https://openalex.org/W3037572308","https://openalex.org/W3098165131"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Optimal":[0],"(reversible)":[1],"processes":[2,80,152],"in":[3,28,67,73,114,159],"thermodynamics":[4],"can":[5,81,138,164],"be":[6,83,139,165],"modelled":[7],"as":[8],"step-by-step":[9],"processes,":[10],"where":[11,124],"the":[12,91,95,101,125,128,136],"system":[13,32,62,130,137,174],"is":[14,46,131],"successively":[15],"thermalized":[16],"with":[17,143],"respect":[18],"to":[19,155],"different":[20,116],"Hamiltonians":[21],"by":[22,52,167],"an":[23],"external":[24],"thermal":[25,34],"bath.":[26,146,176],"However,":[27],"practice":[29],"interactions":[30,172],"between":[31,61,173],"and":[33,40,58,63,99,110,121,135,157,163,175],"bath":[35],"will":[36],"take":[37],"finite":[38],"time,":[39],"precise":[41],"control":[42],"of":[43,49,93,97,127,171],"their":[44],"interaction":[45],"usually":[47],"out":[48],"reach.":[50],"Motivated":[51],"this":[53],"observation,":[54],"we":[55],"consider":[56],"finite-time":[57],"uncontrolled":[59],"operations":[60],"bath,":[64],"which":[65],"result":[66],"thermalizations":[68,89],"that":[69,78,150],"are":[70,153],"only":[71],"partial":[72,88],"each":[74],"step.":[75],"We":[76,104],"show":[77,111,149],"optimal":[79,151],"still":[82],"achieved":[84,166],"for":[85],"any":[86],"non-trivial":[87],"at":[90],"price":[92],"increasing":[94],"number":[96],"operations,":[98],"characterise":[100],"corresponding":[102],"tradeoff.":[103],"focus":[105],"on":[106],"work":[107],"extraction":[108],"protocols":[109],"our":[112],"results":[113,148],"two":[115],"frameworks:":[117],"A":[118],"collision":[119],"model":[120,123],"a":[122,144,168],"Hamiltonian":[126],"working":[129],"controlled":[132],"over":[133],"time":[134],"brought":[140],"into":[141],"contact":[142],"heat":[145],"Our":[147],"robust":[154],"noise":[156],"imperfections":[158],"small":[160],"quantum":[161],"systems,":[162],"large":[169],"set":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2019-06-27T00:00:00"}
