{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2899163859","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2019-05-20-143","title":"Fault-tolerant magic state preparation with flag qubits","display_name":"Fault-tolerant magic state preparation with flag qubits","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-05-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2899163859","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2019-05-20-143","mag":"2899163859"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.22331/q-2019-05-20-143","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2019-05-20-143","pdf_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2019-05-20-143/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226432","display_name":"Quantum","issn_l":"2521-327X","issn":["2521-327X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317900","host_organization_name":"Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317900"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2019-05-20-143/pdf/","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Christopher Chamberland","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Chamberland","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, 10598, United States","Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, 10598, United States","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Andrew W. Cross","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew W. Cross","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, 10598, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, 10598, United States","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":200,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":215},"apc_paid":{"value":200,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":215},"fwci":5.0612,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":81,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96172901,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":null,"first_page":"143","last_page":"143"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.8808000087738037,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.8808000087738037,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13182","display_name":"Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata","score":0.02710000053048134,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.014999999664723873,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magic","display_name":"MAGIC (telescope)","score":0.6927000284194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qubit","display_name":"Qubit","score":0.5807999968528748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.5393999814987183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distillation","display_name":"Distillation","score":0.5192000269889832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.4973999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-computer","display_name":"Quantum computer","score":0.4787999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.38440001010894775}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777704519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45732","display_name":"MAGIC (telescope)","level":2,"score":0.6927000284194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203087015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378201","display_name":"Qubit","level":3,"score":0.5807999968528748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5393999814987183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204030448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101017","display_name":"Distillation","level":2,"score":0.5192000269889832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4973999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.4787999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45019999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.42489999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.385699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.38440001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776730729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1392130","display_name":"Flag (linear algebra)","level":3,"score":0.3619000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.34049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134146338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1815901","display_name":"Electronic circuit","level":2,"score":0.3133000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162967359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5380096","display_name":"Entanglement distillation","level":5,"score":0.3046000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.27399998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134765980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q879126","display_name":"Bitwise operation","level":2,"score":0.27399998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.27090001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.2702000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.25760000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100856211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q674689","display_name":"Clifford algebra","level":3,"score":0.2515999972820282}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.22331/q-2019-05-20-143","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2019-05-20-143","pdf_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2019-05-20-143/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226432","display_name":"Quantum","issn_l":"2521-327X","issn":["2521-327X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317900","host_organization_name":"Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317900"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1811.00566","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1811.00566","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1811.00566","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:facfe7352f914379b76918b067a5db29","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/facfe7352f914379b76918b067a5db29","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Quantum, Vol 3, p 143 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.22331/q-2019-05-20-143","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2019-05-20-143","pdf_url":"https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2019-05-20-143/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226432","display_name":"Quantum","issn_l":"2521-327X","issn":["2521-327X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317900","host_organization_name":"Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317900"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Verein zur F\u00f6rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2899163859.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2899163859.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1540106918","https://openalex.org/W1675244148","https://openalex.org/W1806857185","https://openalex.org/W1828782323","https://openalex.org/W1874981471","https://openalex.org/W1968140647","https://openalex.org/W2011867118","https://openalex.org/W2030867075","https://openalex.org/W2032147770","https://openalex.org/W2045342516","https://openalex.org/W2060532199","https://openalex.org/W2070421562","https://openalex.org/W2079294297","https://openalex.org/W2114207424","https://openalex.org/W2131690084","https://openalex.org/W2168676717","https://openalex.org/W2342198989","https://openalex.org/W2408216867","https://openalex.org/W2520649408","https://openalex.org/W2526086681","https://openalex.org/W2605394516","https://openalex.org/W2612455436","https://openalex.org/W2616847007","https://openalex.org/W2619719596","https://openalex.org/W2744938842","https://openalex.org/W2755290849","https://openalex.org/W2755575243","https://openalex.org/W2763470743","https://openalex.org/W2886696706","https://openalex.org/W2896093105","https://openalex.org/W2897050955","https://openalex.org/W2952708034","https://openalex.org/W2953155358","https://openalex.org/W2962956083","https://openalex.org/W2964113733","https://openalex.org/W3100779044"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Magic":[0],"state":[1,82],"distillation":[2,17,83],"is":[3,25,92],"one":[4],"of":[5,55,76,85,119],"the":[6,16,70,80,111,123,132],"leading":[7],"candidates":[8],"for":[9],"implementing":[10],"universal":[11],"fault-tolerant":[12],"logical":[13],"gates.":[14,67],"However,":[15],"circuits":[18],"themselves":[19],"are":[20],"not":[21],"fault-tolerant,":[22],"so":[23],"there":[24],"additional":[26],"cost":[27,75],"to":[28,44,79,122],"first":[29],"implement":[30],"encoded":[31,130],"Clifford":[32,66,128],"gates":[33],"with":[34,64],"negligible":[35],"error.":[36],"In":[37],"this":[38,136],"paper":[39],"we":[40,105],"present":[41],"a":[42,96],"scheme":[43,78,125],"fault-tolerantly":[45],"and":[46,73,88,94],"directly":[47],"prepare":[48],"magic":[49,81],"states":[50],"using":[51],"flag":[52],"qubits.":[53],"One":[54],"these":[56],"schemes":[57],"requires":[58],"only":[59],"three":[60],"ancilla":[61],"qubits,":[62],"even":[63],"noisy":[65],"We":[68],"compare":[69],"physical":[71],"qubit":[72],"gate":[74],"our":[77],"protocol":[84],"Meier,":[86],"Eastin,":[87],"Knill":[89],"(MEK),":[90],"which":[91,126],"efficient":[93],"uses":[95,127],"small":[97],"stabilizer":[98],"circuit.":[99],"For":[100],"low":[101],"enough":[102],"noise":[103],"rates,":[104],"show":[106],"that":[107],"in":[108,131,135],"some":[109],"regimes":[110],"overhead":[112],"can":[113],"be":[114],"improved":[115],"by":[116],"several":[117],"orders":[118],"magnitude":[120],"compared":[121],"MEK":[124],"operations":[129],"codes":[133],"considered":[134],"work.":[137]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2018-11-09T00:00:00"}