{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7133663350","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22152/programming-journal.org/2026/11/3","title":"Efficient Selection of Type Annotations for Performance Improvement in Gradual Typing","display_name":"Efficient Selection of Type Annotations for Performance Improvement in Gradual Typing","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7133663350","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22152/programming-journal.org/2026/11/3"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.22152/programming-journal.org/2026/11/3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22152/programming-journal.org/2026/11/3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210199781","display_name":"The Art Science and Engineering of Programming","issn_l":"2473-7321","issn":["2473-7321"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Art, Science, and Engineering of Programming","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2603.05649","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004545277","display_name":"Senxi Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Senxi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Tokyo, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036512030","display_name":"Feng Dai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0995-2536"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Tokyo, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128191594","display_name":"Tetsuro Yamazaki","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tetsuro Yamazaki","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Tokyo, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103031063","display_name":"Shigeru Chiba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1058-5941"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shigeru Chiba","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Tokyo, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004545277"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57454753,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.2784999907016754,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.2784999907016754,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.24809999763965607,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11450","display_name":"Model-Driven Software Engineering Techniques","score":0.06939999759197235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/performance-improvement","display_name":"Performance improvement","score":0.6204000115394592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.6104999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/typing","display_name":"Typing","score":0.41530001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type","display_name":"Type (biology)","score":0.2937000095844269}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6582000255584717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778915421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3643177","display_name":"Performance improvement","level":2,"score":0.6204000115394592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.6104999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.526199996471405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781209916","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3215756","display_name":"Typing","level":2,"score":0.41530001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.310699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777299769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3707858","display_name":"Type (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2937000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.28929999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2759999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.26109999418258667}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.22152/programming-journal.org/2026/11/3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22152/programming-journal.org/2026/11/3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210199781","display_name":"The Art Science and Engineering of Programming","issn_l":"2473-7321","issn":["2473-7321"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Art, Science, and Engineering of Programming","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2603.05649","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2603.05649","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2603.05649","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.05649","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2603.05649","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2603.05649","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2603.05649","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4638007805","display_name":"Programming Environments for Edge-based IoT Systems","funder_award_id":"24H00688","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Gradual":[0],"typing":[1,14,25],"has":[2],"gained":[3],"popularity":[4],"as":[5,35],"a":[6,16,40,92,97,126,148,184,206,239],"design":[7],"choice":[8],"for":[9,73,106,263],"integrating":[10],"static":[11],"and":[12,156,166,234,246],"dynamic":[13],"within":[15,260],"single":[17],"language.":[18],"Several":[19],"practical":[20,87,259],"languages":[21],"have":[22,65],"adopted":[23],"gradual":[24],"to":[26,31,95,141,169,187],"offer":[27],"programmers":[28],"the":[29,86,108,118,135,152,161,175,219,228,255,265],"flexibility":[30],"annotate":[32],"their":[33],"programs":[34],"needed.":[36],"Meanwhile":[37],"there":[38],"is":[39,120,139,258],"key":[41],"challenge":[42],"of":[43,68,99,111,117,163,173,209,237,244,268],"unexpected":[44],"performance":[45,110,266],"degradation":[46],"in":[47,80],"partially":[48],"typed":[49,113,157,270],"programs.":[50,114,221,271],"The":[51,115],"execution":[52,109,176,232],"speed":[53,233],"may":[54],"significantly":[55],"decrease":[56],"when":[57],"simply":[58],"adding":[59,70],"more":[60,240],"type":[61,71,100,104,132,189,196,212,216,248],"annotations.":[62,249],"Prior":[63],"studies":[64],"investigated":[66],"strategies":[67],"selectively":[69],"annotations":[72,101,133,190,213],"better":[74],"performance.":[75],"However,":[76],"they":[77],"are":[78],"restricted":[79],"substantial":[81],"compilation":[82,122,242],"time,":[83],"which":[84,138],"impedes":[85],"usage.":[88],"This":[89],"paper":[90],"presents":[91],"new":[93],"technique":[94,257],"select":[96,188],"subset":[98,186],"derived":[102,191,214],"by":[103,124,147,192,215],"inference":[105,197,217],"improving":[107,174],"gradually":[112,269],"advantage":[116,236],"proposal":[119,204,229],"shorter":[121],"time":[123,177,243],"employing":[125],"lightweight,":[127],"amortized":[128],"approach.":[129],"It":[130],"selects":[131],"along":[134],"data":[136],"flows,":[137],"expected":[140],"avoid":[142],"expensive":[143],"runtime":[144],"casts":[145],"caused":[146],"value":[149],"repeatedly":[150],"crossing":[151],"boundaries":[153],"between":[154],"untyped":[155],"code.":[158],"We":[159],"demonstrate":[160],"applicability":[162],"our":[164,203],"proposal,":[165],"conduct":[167],"experiments":[168],"validate":[170],"its":[171],"effectiveness":[172],"on":[178],"Reticulated":[179,261],"Python.":[180],"Our":[181,250],"implementation":[182],"supports":[183],"Python":[185,262],"an":[193,225],"implemented,":[194],"external":[195],"engine.":[198],"Experiment":[199],"results":[200,251],"show":[201],"that":[202,254],"outperforms":[205],"naive":[207],"strategy":[208],"using":[210],"all":[211],"among":[218],"benchmark":[220],"In":[222],"comparison":[223],"with":[224],"existing":[226],"approach,":[227],"achieves":[230],"comparable":[231],"shows":[235],"maintaining":[238],"stable":[241],"deriving":[245],"selecting":[247],"empirically":[252],"indicate":[253],"proposed":[256],"mitigating":[264],"bottleneck":[267]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2026-03-06T00:00:00"}
