{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3208821253","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2200/s01123ed1v01y202108hlt053","title":"Pretrained Transformers for Text Ranking: BERT and Beyond","display_name":"Pretrained Transformers for Text Ranking: BERT and Beyond","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3208821253","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2200/s01123ed1v01y202108hlt053","mag":"3208821253"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2200/s01123ed1v01y202108hlt053","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2200/s01123ed1v01y202108hlt053","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210203380","display_name":"Synthesis lectures on human language technologies","issn_l":"1947-4040","issn":["1947-4040","1947-4059"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310322570","host_organization_name":"Morgan & Claypool Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310322570"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Morgan & Claypool Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Synthesis Lectures on Human Language Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://handle.uba.uva.nl/personal/pure/en/publications/pretrained-transformers-for-text-ranking(1b77a376-5a55-43ae-a3a1-b937976598f4).html","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082997975","display_name":"Jimmy Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0661-7189"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109712","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Informatics","ror":"https://ror.org/01w19ak89","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210109712"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA","DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jimmy Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Waterloo","University of Amsterdam and Max Planck Institute for Informatics SYNTHESIS LECTURES ON HUMAN LANGUAGE TECHNOLOGIES"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Waterloo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Amsterdam and Max Planck Institute for Informatics SYNTHESIS LECTURES ON HUMAN LANGUAGE TECHNOLOGIES","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109712"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030647281","display_name":"Rodrigo Nogueira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2600-6035"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109712","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Informatics","ror":"https://ror.org/01w19ak89","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210109712"]}],"countries":["CA","DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rodrigo Nogueira","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Waterloo","University of Amsterdam and Max Planck Institute for Informatics SYNTHESIS LECTURES ON HUMAN LANGUAGE TECHNOLOGIES"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Waterloo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Amsterdam and Max Planck Institute for Informatics SYNTHESIS LECTURES ON HUMAN LANGUAGE TECHNOLOGIES","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109712"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059489981","display_name":"Andrew Yates","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5970-880X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109712","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Informatics","ror":"https://ror.org/01w19ak89","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210109712"]}],"countries":["CA","DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Yates","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Amsterdam and Max Planck Institute for Informatics","University of Amsterdam and Max Planck Institute for Informatics SYNTHESIS LECTURES ON HUMAN LANGUAGE TECHNOLOGIES","University of Waterloo"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Amsterdam and Max Planck Institute for Informatics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109712"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Amsterdam and Max Planck Institute for Informatics SYNTHESIS LECTURES ON HUMAN LANGUAGE TECHNOLOGIES","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109712"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Waterloo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082997975"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483","https://openalex.org/I4210109712"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":14.5593,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":122,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99182001,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"4","first_page":"1","last_page":"325"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13083","display_name":"Advanced Text Analysis Techniques","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.857488751411438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7652906179428101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6610479950904846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6236605048179626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.6225821375846863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranking","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","score":0.5459768176078796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/question-answering","display_name":"Question answering","score":0.5117645263671875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.4572122097015381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4280095100402832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.06911137700080872}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.857488751411438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7652906179428101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6610479950904846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6236605048179626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.6225821375846863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.5459768176078796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44291984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Question answering","level":2,"score":0.5117645263671875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.4572122097015381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4280095100402832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.06911137700080872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2200/s01123ed1v01y202108hlt053","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2200/s01123ed1v01y202108hlt053","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210203380","display_name":"Synthesis lectures on human language technologies","issn_l":"1947-4040","issn":["1947-4040","1947-4059"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310322570","host_organization_name":"Morgan & Claypool Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310322570"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Morgan & Claypool Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Synthesis Lectures on Human Language Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dare.uva.nl:openaire_cris_publications/1b77a376-5a55-43ae-a3a1-b937976598f4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://handle.uba.uva.nl/personal/pure/en/publications/pretrained-transformers-for-text-ranking(1b77a376-5a55-43ae-a3a1-b937976598f4).html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400088","display_name":"UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","host_organization_name":"University of Amsterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lin, J, Nogueira, R & Yates, A 2022, Pretrained Transformers for Text Ranking : BERT and Beyond. Synthesis Lectures on Human Language Technologies, vol. 53, Cham. https://doi.org/10.2200/S01123ED1V01Y202108HLT053","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033027939","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2200/S01123ED1V01Y202108HLT053","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"software, multimedia"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dare.uva.nl:publications/1b77a376-5a55-43ae-a3a1-b937976598f4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11245.1/1b77a376-5a55-43ae-a3a1-b937976598f4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400088","display_name":"UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","host_organization_name":"University of Amsterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Lin, J, Nogueira, R & Yates, A 2022, Pretrained Transformers for Text Ranking : BERT and Beyond. Synthesis Lectures on Human Language Technologies, vol. 53, Cham. https://doi.org/10.2200/S01123ED1V01Y202108HLT053","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dare.uva.nl:openaire_cris_publications/1b77a376-5a55-43ae-a3a1-b937976598f4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://handle.uba.uva.nl/personal/pure/en/publications/pretrained-transformers-for-text-ranking(1b77a376-5a55-43ae-a3a1-b937976598f4).html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400088","display_name":"UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","host_organization_name":"University of Amsterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lin, J, Nogueira, R & Yates, A 2022, Pretrained Transformers for Text Ranking : BERT and Beyond. Synthesis Lectures on Human Language Technologies, vol. 53, Cham. https://doi.org/10.2200/S01123ED1V01Y202108HLT053","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8500000238418579,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":206,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W119481552","https://openalex.org/W159389352","https://openalex.org/W192593574","https://openalex.org/W1485852130","https://openalex.org/W1507150160","https://openalex.org/W1507223999","https://openalex.org/W1515852583","https://openalex.org/W1523019309","https://openalex.org/W1557757161","https://openalex.org/W1558382083","https://openalex.org/W1685426458","https://openalex.org/W1743573446","https://openalex.org/W1840435438","https://openalex.org/W1964189668","https://openalex.org/W1966846225","https://openalex.org/W1969340322","https://openalex.org/W1971987737","https://openalex.org/W1973697738","https://openalex.org/W1973939477","https://openalex.org/W1974339500","https://openalex.org/W1974360117","https://openalex.org/W1975304332","https://openalex.org/W1978394996","https://openalex.org/W1979065383","https://openalex.org/W1979346010","https://openalex.org/W1984565341","https://openalex.org/W1984614894","https://openalex.org/W1994915827","https://openalex.org/W2002306339","https://openalex.org/W2006187024","https://openalex.org/W2006546769","https://openalex.org/W2007239001","https://openalex.org/W2007709031","https://openalex.org/W2009077327","https://openalex.org/W2012318340","https://openalex.org/W2024833814","https://openalex.org/W2032958446","https://openalex.org/W2043909051","https://openalex.org/W2045710014","https://openalex.org/W2047295649","https://openalex.org/W2048045485","https://openalex.org/W2052569738","https://openalex.org/W2052989395","https://openalex.org/W2053713852","https://openalex.org/W2061172803","https://openalex.org/W2065108361","https://openalex.org/W2068098598","https://openalex.org/W2069003154","https://openalex.org/W2075893676","https://openalex.org/W2080133951","https://openalex.org/W2081580037","https://openalex.org/W2082359527","https://openalex.org/W2082729696","https://openalex.org/W2087663869","https://openalex.org/W2087710618","https://openalex.org/W2089155985","https://openalex.org/W2092488901","https://openalex.org/W2097333193","https://openalex.org/W2097927681","https://openalex.org/W2101210369","https://openalex.org/W2102046030","https://openalex.org/W2102698119","https://openalex.org/W2103731208","https://openalex.org/W2103931177","https://openalex.org/W2105157020","https://openalex.org/W2106365165","https://openalex.org/W2107695330","https://openalex.org/W2108278040","https://openalex.org/W2108862644","https://openalex.org/W2111316763","https://openalex.org/W2113161543","https://openalex.org/W2114006712","https://openalex.org/W2115584760","https://openalex.org/W2120308175","https://openalex.org/W2143331230","https://openalex.org/W2143400823","https://openalex.org/W2145907631","https://openalex.org/W2148781362","https://openalex.org/W2149427297","https://openalex.org/W2151170651","https://openalex.org/W2164259805","https://openalex.org/W2165612380","https://openalex.org/W2170907675","https://openalex.org/W2177637792","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2270070752","https://openalex.org/W2296073425","https://openalex.org/W2342707026","https://openalex.org/W2396382682","https://openalex.org/W2507134384","https://openalex.org/W2539671052","https://openalex.org/W2586017539","https://openalex.org/W2588670714","https://openalex.org/W2595840341","https://openalex.org/W2607074821","https://openalex.org/W2608787653","https://openalex.org/W2610935556","https://openalex.org/W2613000335","https://openalex.org/W2622338386","https://openalex.org/W2648699835","https://openalex.org/W2751624169","https://openalex.org/W2755957574","https://openalex.org/W2769041395","https://openalex.org/W2774514250","https://openalex.org/W2794432940","https://openalex.org/W2887005207","https://openalex.org/W2891177506","https://openalex.org/W2901387348","https://openalex.org/W2902365885","https://openalex.org/W2906581649","https://openalex.org/W2910577570","https://openalex.org/W2911489562","https://openalex.org/W2911997761","https://openalex.org/W2912924812","https://openalex.org/W2913109738","https://openalex.org/W2916588339","https://openalex.org/W2918757710","https://openalex.org/W2946417913","https://openalex.org/W2946794439","https://openalex.org/W2950670227","https://openalex.org/W2951434086","https://openalex.org/W2952354317","https://openalex.org/W2952638691","https://openalex.org/W2959716049","https://openalex.org/W2962779279","https://openalex.org/W2962784628","https://openalex.org/W2962785754","https://openalex.org/W2962854379","https://openalex.org/W2962985038","https://openalex.org/W2963026768","https://openalex.org/W2963157366","https://openalex.org/W2963250244","https://openalex.org/W2963339397","https://openalex.org/W2963469388","https://openalex.org/W2964301648","https://openalex.org/W2967813257","https://openalex.org/W2970476646","https://openalex.org/W2970854433","https://openalex.org/W2972324944","https://openalex.org/W2978329087","https://openalex.org/W2979826702","https://openalex.org/W2998702515","https://openalex.org/W3004346089","https://openalex.org/W3021052948","https://openalex.org/W3024308166","https://openalex.org/W3034212969","https://openalex.org/W3034218205","https://openalex.org/W3034238904","https://openalex.org/W3034292689","https://openalex.org/W3034389353","https://openalex.org/W3034469191","https://openalex.org/W3034775979","https://openalex.org/W3034818681","https://openalex.org/W3034999214","https://openalex.org/W3035030897","https://openalex.org/W3035038672","https://openalex.org/W3036320503","https://openalex.org/W3037722615","https://openalex.org/W3043376663","https://openalex.org/W3045462440","https://openalex.org/W3045829617","https://openalex.org/W3082274269","https://openalex.org/W3092510499","https://openalex.org/W3093570284","https://openalex.org/W3098468692","https://openalex.org/W3098605233","https://openalex.org/W3099023595","https://openalex.org/W3099655892","https://openalex.org/W3099700870","https://openalex.org/W3100038904","https://openalex.org/W3100107515","https://openalex.org/W3102378333","https://openalex.org/W3102925513","https://openalex.org/W3104220682","https://openalex.org/W3104237552","https://openalex.org/W3104657626","https://openalex.org/W3105136066","https://openalex.org/W3105949871","https://openalex.org/W3105966348","https://openalex.org/W3106429660","https://openalex.org/W3115195983","https://openalex.org/W3118485687","https://openalex.org/W3128581554","https://openalex.org/W3136109765","https://openalex.org/W3157758108","https://openalex.org/W3159900299","https://openalex.org/W3170841641","https://openalex.org/W3174863418","https://openalex.org/W3184918446","https://openalex.org/W4206396334","https://openalex.org/W4206765718","https://openalex.org/W4206827264","https://openalex.org/W4211088835","https://openalex.org/W4211139566","https://openalex.org/W4211156271","https://openalex.org/W4229643658","https://openalex.org/W4230856572","https://openalex.org/W4238584892","https://openalex.org/W4243431465","https://openalex.org/W4252076394","https://openalex.org/W4252222626","https://openalex.org/W4288848851","https://openalex.org/W4293004632","https://openalex.org/W4301420909","https://openalex.org/W4310895557","https://openalex.org/W4386069944"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2384605597","https://openalex.org/W2387743295","https://openalex.org/W3082787378","https://openalex.org/W2136007095","https://openalex.org/W2366230879","https://openalex.org/W3208425359","https://openalex.org/W4381058564","https://openalex.org/W3003945460","https://openalex.org/W2964413124","https://openalex.org/W4288267738"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":45},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T14:29:43.386196","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
