{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1630569004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2009-405","title":"Robust LTS rules with the Combilex speech technology lexicon","display_name":"Robust LTS rules with the Combilex speech technology lexicon","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-09-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1630569004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2009-405","mag":"1630569004"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21437/interspeech.2009-405","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2009-405","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Interspeech 2009","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1842/3958","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055415493","display_name":"Korin Richmond","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1450-8270"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Korin Richmond","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Informatics"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Informatics","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084488961","display_name":"Robert A. Clark","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4892-3619"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert A. J. Clark","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Informatics"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Informatics","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5097197603","display_name":"Sue Fitt","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sue Fitt","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Informatics"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Informatics","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.1708,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9177217,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1295","last_page":"1298"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lexicon","display_name":"Lexicon","score":0.9286260604858398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8343544602394104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pronunciation","display_name":"Pronunciation","score":0.7505180835723877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.6130116581916809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5899577140808105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5355894565582275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.47885584831237793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.4336718022823334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.43261879682540894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.10465830564498901}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778121359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8096","display_name":"Lexicon","level":2,"score":0.9286260604858398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8343544602394104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780844864","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184377","display_name":"Pronunciation","level":2,"score":0.7505180835723877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.6130116581916809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5899577140808105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5355894565582275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.47885584831237793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.4336718022823334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.43261879682540894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.10465830564498901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21437/interspeech.2009-405","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2009-405","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Interspeech 2009","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:era.ed.ac.uk:1842/3958","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1842/3958","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1842/3958","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055182","display_name":"ERA","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference Paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.ed.ac.uk:publications/143fc5ae-6959-4e1e-a213-6d46688c3652","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/143fc5ae-6959-4e1e-a213-6d46688c3652","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922455","display_name":"Edinburgh Research Explorer","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.ed.ac.uk:publications/143fc5ae-6959-4e1e-a213-6d46688c3652","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/143fc5ae-6959-4e1e-a213-6d46688c3652","pdf_url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/143fc5ae-6959-4e1e-a213-6d46688c3652","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400321","display_name":"Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","host_organization_name":"University of Edinburgh","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Richmond, K, Fitt, S & Clark, R A J 2009, Robust LTS rules with the Combilex speech technology lexicon. in In Proc. Interspeech, pages 1295-1298, Brighton, UK, September 2009..","raw_type":"contributionToPeriodical"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.147.7513","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.147.7513","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cstr.ed.ac.uk/downloads/publications/2009/IS090308.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.986.9923","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.986.9923","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.research.ed.ac.uk/portal/files/9177417/IS090308.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:era.ed.ac.uk:1842/3958","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1842/3958","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1842/3958","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055182","display_name":"ERA","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference Paper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.6899999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1705605126","display_name":"Data-driven articulatory modelling: foundations for a new generation of speech synthesis","funder_award_id":"EP/E027741/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1630569004.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1630569004.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W120415783","https://openalex.org/W1618885279","https://openalex.org/W1779680350","https://openalex.org/W1970195330","https://openalex.org/W2038466182","https://openalex.org/W2090755665","https://openalex.org/W2099954993","https://openalex.org/W2154341695"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2183593636","https://openalex.org/W2350724007","https://openalex.org/W2355751417","https://openalex.org/W2423284978","https://openalex.org/W2083922162","https://openalex.org/W2000075989","https://openalex.org/W4220683390","https://openalex.org/W2776838583","https://openalex.org/W2359469050","https://openalex.org/W1607396156"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Combilex":[0,19,127],"is":[1,108,118,128],"a":[2,39,129],"high":[3],"quality":[4,131],"pronunciation":[5],"lexicon,":[6],"aimed":[7],"at":[8],"speech":[9],"technology":[10],"applications,":[11],"that":[12],"has":[13],"recently":[14],"been":[15],"released":[16],"by":[17],"CSTR.":[18],"benefits":[20],"from":[21],"several":[22],"advanced":[23],"features.":[24],"This":[25,41],"paper":[26],"evaluates":[27],"one":[28],"of":[29,34,101,135],"these:":[30],"the":[31,112],"explicit":[32,77],"alignment":[33,42,60,74,84],"phones":[35],"to":[36,45,56,94,114],"graphemes":[37],"in":[38,133],"word.":[40],"can":[43],"help":[44],"rapidly":[46],"develop":[47],"robust":[48],"and":[49,137],"accurate":[50],"letter-to-sound":[51,142],"(LTS)":[52],"rules,":[53,143],"without":[54],"needing":[55],"rely":[57],"on":[58],"automatic":[59,73],"methods.":[61],"To":[62],"evaluate":[63],"this,":[64],"we":[65],"used":[66],"Festival\u2019s":[67],"LTS":[68,86,106],"module,":[69],"comparing":[70],"its":[71],"standard":[72],"with":[75,96,123],"Combilex\u2019s":[76,83],"align-ment.":[78],"Our":[79],"results":[80],"show":[81],"using":[82],"improves":[85],"accuracy:":[87],"86.50":[88],"%":[89],"words":[90],"correct":[91],"as":[92,111],"opposed":[93],"84.49%,":[95],"our":[97],"most":[98],"general":[99],"form":[100],"lexicon.":[102],"In":[103],"addition,":[104],"building":[105],"models":[107],"greatly":[109],"accelerated,":[110],"need":[113],"list":[115],"allowed":[116],"alignments":[117],"removed.":[119],"Finally,":[120],"loose":[121],"comparison":[122],"other":[124],"studies":[125],"indicates":[126],"superior":[130],"lexicon":[132],"terms":[134],"consistency":[136],"size.":[138],"Index":[139],"Terms:":[140],"combilex,":[141],"grapheme-to-phoneme":[144],"conversion":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}