{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2592040118","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21437/ssw.2016-20","title":"A Comparative Study of the Performance of HMM, DNN, and RNN based Speech Synthesis Systems Trained on Very Large Speaker-Dependent Corpora","display_name":"A Comparative Study of the Performance of HMM, DNN, and RNN based Speech Synthesis Systems Trained on Very Large Speaker-Dependent Corpora","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-09-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2592040118","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21437/ssw.2016-20","mag":"2592040118"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21437/ssw.2016-20","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21437/ssw.2016-20","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"9th ISCA Workshop on Speech Synthesis Workshop (SSW 9)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820/4f5080ce-294a-404e-ae0d-67b2c0372496","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100327839","display_name":"Xin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8246-0606"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113766436","display_name":"Surugadai University","ror":"https://ror.org/00c4wmy51","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113766436"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200475212","display_name":"The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI","ror":"https://ror.org/0516ah480","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200475212"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184597095","display_name":"National Institute of Informatics","ror":"https://ror.org/04ksd4g47","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319490839","https://openalex.org/I184597095","https://openalex.org/I4210158934"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["SOKENDAI University, Japan","National Institute of Informatics, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SOKENDAI University, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113766436","https://openalex.org/I200475212"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Informatics, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184597095"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062895056","display_name":"Shinji Takaki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7294-7699"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184597095","display_name":"National Institute of Informatics","ror":"https://ror.org/04ksd4g47","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319490839","https://openalex.org/I184597095","https://openalex.org/I4210158934"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shinji Takaki","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Informatics, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Informatics, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184597095"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007639385","display_name":"Junichi Yamagishi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2752-3955"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113766436","display_name":"Surugadai University","ror":"https://ror.org/00c4wmy51","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113766436"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200475212","display_name":"The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI","ror":"https://ror.org/0516ah480","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200475212"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184597095","display_name":"National Institute of Informatics","ror":"https://ror.org/04ksd4g47","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319490839","https://openalex.org/I184597095","https://openalex.org/I4210158934"]}],"countries":["GB","JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junichi Yamagishi","raw_affiliation_strings":["SOKENDAI University, Japan","University of Edinburgh, UK","National Institute of Informatics, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SOKENDAI University, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113766436","https://openalex.org/I200475212"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Informatics, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184597095"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100327839"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113766436","https://openalex.org/I184597095","https://openalex.org/I200475212"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.9755,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94702488,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"118","last_page":"121"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.8862174153327942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.7586536407470703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7481275796890259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrent-neural-network","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","score":0.7422858476638794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parametric-statistics","display_name":"Parametric statistics","score":0.5639193058013916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-synthesis","display_name":"Speech synthesis","score":0.5593032240867615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trajectory","display_name":"Trajectory","score":0.5524491667747498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5370357036590576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4278255105018616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-set","display_name":"Training set","score":0.42589062452316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","score":0.4130629897117615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.0857740044593811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.08531525731086731}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.8862174153327942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.7586536407470703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7481275796890259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.7422858476638794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117251300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1849855","display_name":"Parametric statistics","level":2,"score":0.5639193058013916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14999030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16346","display_name":"Speech synthesis","level":2,"score":0.5593032240867615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.5524491667747498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5370357036590576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4278255105018616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.42589062452316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.4130629897117615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0857740044593811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.08531525731086731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21437/ssw.2016-20","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21437/ssw.2016-20","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"9th ISCA Workshop on Speech Synthesis Workshop (SSW 9)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.ed.ac.uk:publications/4f5080ce-294a-404e-ae0d-67b2c0372496","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/4f5080ce-294a-404e-ae0d-67b2c0372496","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820/4f5080ce-294a-404e-ae0d-67b2c0372496","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922455","display_name":"Edinburgh Research Explorer","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.ed.ac.uk:publications/4f5080ce-294a-404e-ae0d-67b2c0372496","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/4f5080ce-294a-404e-ae0d-67b2c0372496","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820/4f5080ce-294a-404e-ae0d-67b2c0372496","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922455","display_name":"Edinburgh Research Explorer","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","display_name":"Gender equality","score":0.46000000834465027}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2521286739","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CREST","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334789","funder_display_name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2920681495","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(CREST)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338075","funder_display_name":"Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3007105200","display_name":"Deep architectures for statistical speech synthesis","funder_award_id":"EP/J002526/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3790594077","display_name":"Natural Speech Technology","funder_award_id":"EP/I031022/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4055593462","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/I031022/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334789","display_name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/00097mb19"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338075","display_name":"Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00097mb19"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2592040118.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2592040118.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W133102907","https://openalex.org/W304834817","https://openalex.org/W566667199","https://openalex.org/W1512429158","https://openalex.org/W1579853615","https://openalex.org/W1882624840","https://openalex.org/W1970663544","https://openalex.org/W1984985727","https://openalex.org/W2020024436","https://openalex.org/W2032020816","https://openalex.org/W2049686551","https://openalex.org/W2063292270","https://openalex.org/W2100495367","https://openalex.org/W2102003408","https://openalex.org/W2106564373","https://openalex.org/W2111284386","https://openalex.org/W2193413348","https://openalex.org/W2226734577","https://openalex.org/W2294797155","https://openalex.org/W2394921947","https://openalex.org/W2402103843","https://openalex.org/W3038058348","https://openalex.org/W4394643672"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2053269318","https://openalex.org/W2364370872","https://openalex.org/W2097963413","https://openalex.org/W2294335174","https://openalex.org/W4225394202","https://openalex.org/W2025614924","https://openalex.org/W4298287631","https://openalex.org/W175280642","https://openalex.org/W2688184458","https://openalex.org/W2147186888"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"investigates":[2],"the":[3,6,12,63,66,69,76,84,88,91,94,99,109],"impact":[4],"of":[5,8,14,26,37,68,78,93,112],"amount":[7,77,111],"training":[9,79,113],"data":[10,80],"on":[11,47,65],"performance":[13],"parametric":[15],"speech":[16],"synthesis":[17],"systems.A":[18],"Japanese":[19],"corpus":[20,32],"with":[21,33],"100":[22],"hours'":[23,35],"audio":[24],"recordings":[25,36],"a":[27,38],"male":[28],"voice":[29,40],"and":[30,55,101],"another":[31],"50":[34],"female":[39],"were":[41],"utilized":[42],"to":[43,105],"train":[44],"systems":[45,103],"based":[46],"hidden":[48],"Markov":[49],"model":[50],"(HMM),":[51],"feed-forward":[52],"neural":[53,57],"network":[54,58],"recurrent":[56],"(RNN).The":[59],"results":[60],"show":[61],"that":[62],"improvement":[64],"accuracy":[67,92],"predicted":[70,95],"spectral":[71,89],"features":[72],"gradually":[73],"diminishes":[74],"as":[75],"increases.However,":[81],"different":[82],"from":[83,108],"\"diminishing":[85],"returns\"":[86],"in":[87],"stream,":[90],"F0":[96],"trajectory":[97],"by":[98],"HMM":[100],"RNN":[102],"tends":[104],"consistently":[106],"benefit":[107],"increasing":[110],"data.":[114]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}