{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4283745191","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2022-243","title":"Improving Deliberation by Text-Only and Semi-Supervised Training","display_name":"Improving Deliberation by Text-Only and Semi-Supervised Training","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4283745191","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2022-243"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21437/interspeech.2022-243","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2022-243","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363604309","display_name":"Interspeech 2022","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Interspeech 2022","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100691022","display_name":"Ke Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2078-9371"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ke Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google LLC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google LLC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070513394","display_name":"Tara N. Sainath","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4126-6556"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tara Sainath","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google LLC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google LLC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101153566","display_name":"Yanzhang He","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanzhang He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google LLC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google LLC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032640894","display_name":"Rohit Prabhavalkar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5331-6058"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rohit Prabhavalkar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google LLC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google LLC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032931723","display_name":"Trevor Strohman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Trevor Strohman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google LLC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google LLC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060420622","display_name":"Sepand Mavandadi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sepand Mavandadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google LLC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google LLC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101432591","display_name":"Weiran Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0843-707X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiran Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google LLC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google LLC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100691022"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6233,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66418875,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"4940","last_page":"4944"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deliberation","display_name":"Deliberation","score":0.7326112389564514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6979463696479797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","score":0.6261695027351379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5190637707710266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.36223524808883667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3616560101509094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.08966779708862305}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776946740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358652","display_name":"Deliberation","level":3,"score":0.7326112389564514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6979463696479797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.6261695027351379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5190637707710266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.36223524808883667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3616560101509094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.08966779708862305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21437/interspeech.2022-243","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2022-243","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363604309","display_name":"Interspeech 2022","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Interspeech 2022","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.4099999964237213,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2033256038","https://openalex.org/W2121879602","https://openalex.org/W2213952365","https://openalex.org/W2507771204","https://openalex.org/W2515439472","https://openalex.org/W2617258110","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2916997151","https://openalex.org/W2936774411","https://openalex.org/W2964012862","https://openalex.org/W2973049979","https://openalex.org/W2973122799","https://openalex.org/W2990391581","https://openalex.org/W3008181812","https://openalex.org/W3011339933","https://openalex.org/W3015556645","https://openalex.org/W3015752032","https://openalex.org/W3036601975","https://openalex.org/W3094667432","https://openalex.org/W3096815019","https://openalex.org/W3097777922","https://openalex.org/W3141464856","https://openalex.org/W3151526698","https://openalex.org/W3160628828","https://openalex.org/W3160766462","https://openalex.org/W3161873870","https://openalex.org/W3162037819","https://openalex.org/W3163203022","https://openalex.org/W3163300396","https://openalex.org/W3196889659","https://openalex.org/W3197797812","https://openalex.org/W3198442913","https://openalex.org/W3204696009","https://openalex.org/W3207222250","https://openalex.org/W4200629705","https://openalex.org/W4224917454","https://openalex.org/W4225307083","https://openalex.org/W4288072840","https://openalex.org/W4288088457","https://openalex.org/W4290711009"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3209574120","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4210805261","https://openalex.org/W4387297750"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Text-only":[0],"and":[1,20,29,54,57,63,67],"semi-supervised":[2,30,68],"training":[3,31,41],"based":[4],"on":[5],"audio-only":[6,58],"data":[7,39],"has":[8],"gained":[9],"popularity":[10],"recently":[11],"due":[12],"to":[13,79,83,116],"the":[14,50,80,91,95,105,117],"wide":[15],"availability":[16],"of":[17],"unlabeled":[18],"text":[19,52,64],"speech":[21],"data.In":[22],"this":[23],"work,":[24],"we":[25,70],"propose":[26],"incorporating":[27,37],"text-only":[28],"into":[32],"an":[33],"attention-based":[34],"deliberation":[35,51,92,106],"model.By":[36],"textonly":[38],"in":[40],"a":[42,84,110],"bidirectional":[43],"encoder":[44],"representation":[45],"from":[46],"transformer":[47],"(BERT)":[48],"for":[49,75],"encoder,":[53],"large-scale":[55],"text-to-speech":[56],"utterances":[59],"using":[60],"joint":[61],"acoustic":[62],"decoder":[65],"(JATD)":[66],"training,":[69],"achieved":[71],"4%-12%":[72],"WER":[73,99],"reduction":[74],"various":[76],"tasks":[77],"compared":[78,115],"baseline":[81],"deliberation.Compared":[82],"state-of-theart":[85],"language":[86],"model":[87,93,107],"(LM)":[88],"rescoring":[89],"method,":[90],"reduces":[94],"Google":[96],"Voice":[97],"Search":[98],"by":[100],"11%":[101],"relative.We":[102],"show":[103],"that":[104],"also":[108],"achieves":[109],"positive":[111],"human":[112],"side-by-side":[113],"evaluation":[114],"state-of-the-art":[118],"LM":[119],"rescorer":[120],"with":[121],"reasonable":[122],"endpointer":[123],"latencies.":[124]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}