{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3181647671","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2021-2231","title":"Arabic Code-Switching Speech Recognition Using Monolingual Data","display_name":"Arabic Code-Switching Speech Recognition Using Monolingual Data","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3181647671","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2021-2231","mag":"3181647671"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21437/interspeech.2021-2231","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2021-2231","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Interspeech 2021","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2107.01573","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100693435","display_name":"Ahmed Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9186-7544"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022279488","display_name":"Shammur Absar Chowdhury","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1331-2543"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shammur Absar Chowdhury","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014592910","display_name":"Amir Hussein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0820-4062"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amir Hussein","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020027476","display_name":"Yasser Hifny","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5516-7225"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yasser Hifny","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100693435"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2796,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63212161,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3475","last_page":"3479"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.756187915802002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.6703507900238037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.5751954317092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arabic","display_name":"Arabic","score":0.5631168484687805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-switching","display_name":"Code-switching","score":0.5481295585632324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5213119387626648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.46037158370018005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.4594939053058624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4433365762233734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.43559810519218445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.33343538641929626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.12014967203140259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.11308261752128601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09269142150878906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.08920043706893921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.08360204100608826}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.756187915802002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.6703507900238037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.5751954317092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96455323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13955","display_name":"Arabic","level":2,"score":0.5631168484687805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18552078","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q255615","display_name":"Code-switching","level":2,"score":0.5481295585632324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5213119387626648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.46037158370018005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4594939053058624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4433365762233734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.43559810519218445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.33343538641929626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.12014967203140259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.11308261752128601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09269142150878906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.08920043706893921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.08360204100608826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21437/interspeech.2021-2231","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2021-2231","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Interspeech 2021","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2107.01573","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2107.01573","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2107.01573","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3181647671","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2107.01573.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2107.01573","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2107.01573","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2107.01573","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2107.01573","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2107.01573","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.49000000953674316}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3181647671.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1524333225","https://openalex.org/W1629199664","https://openalex.org/W1895481600","https://openalex.org/W1978660892","https://openalex.org/W2025198378","https://openalex.org/W2034585809","https://openalex.org/W2123798005","https://openalex.org/W2127141656","https://openalex.org/W2130414229","https://openalex.org/W2142384583","https://openalex.org/W2153433699","https://openalex.org/W2396205131","https://openalex.org/W2402146185","https://openalex.org/W2512355221","https://openalex.org/W2514741789","https://openalex.org/W2806311807","https://openalex.org/W2885185669","https://openalex.org/W2928484296","https://openalex.org/W2936547119","https://openalex.org/W2950836278","https://openalex.org/W2963077089","https://openalex.org/W2963403868","https://openalex.org/W2964309797","https://openalex.org/W2972541648","https://openalex.org/W2972888990","https://openalex.org/W2980869393","https://openalex.org/W3014408449","https://openalex.org/W3016108605","https://openalex.org/W3017852021","https://openalex.org/W3029585093","https://openalex.org/W3097972906","https://openalex.org/W3101648800","https://openalex.org/W3151027127","https://openalex.org/W3168568581","https://openalex.org/W3175210284"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3196389490","https://openalex.org/W3016108605","https://openalex.org/W2911876655","https://openalex.org/W2899073901","https://openalex.org/W3109396817","https://openalex.org/W3034335198","https://openalex.org/W3007376164","https://openalex.org/W2898225284","https://openalex.org/W3010448265","https://openalex.org/W2939757332","https://openalex.org/W3029522047","https://openalex.org/W3042007685","https://openalex.org/W3198108422","https://openalex.org/W3035687429","https://openalex.org/W2587496545","https://openalex.org/W3209162484","https://openalex.org/W3197163313","https://openalex.org/W2972312617","https://openalex.org/W3137976833","https://openalex.org/W3012101946"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Code-switching":[0],"in":[1,15,48],"automatic":[2],"speech":[3],"recognition":[4],"(ASR)":[5],"is":[6],"an":[7,115],"important":[8],"challenge":[9],"due":[10],"to":[11,29,66,128],"globalization.":[12],"Recent":[13],"research":[14],"multilingual":[16,30],"ASR":[17,33,39,131],"shows":[18],"potential":[19],"improvement":[20],"over":[21],"monolingual":[22],"systems.":[23],"We":[24,56],"study":[25],"key":[26],"issues":[27],"related":[28],"modeling":[31],"for":[32,94,106],"through":[34],"a":[35,45,63,75],"series":[36],"of":[37],"large-scale":[38],"experiments.":[40],"Our":[41],"innovative":[42],"framework":[43],"deploys":[44],"multi-graph":[46],"approach":[47],"the":[49,71,87,95,101,130],"weighted":[50],"finite":[51],"state":[52],"transducers":[53],"(WFST)":[54],"framework.":[55],"compare":[57],"our":[58,83],"WFST":[59,88],"decoding":[60,89],"strategies":[61],"with":[62,123],"transformer":[64,102],"sequence":[65,67],"system":[68,103],"trained":[69],"on":[70],"same":[72],"data.":[73],"Given":[74],"code-switching":[76,97,108,125],"scenario":[77],"between":[78],"Arabic":[79],"and":[80,119],"English":[81],"languages,":[82],"results":[84],"show":[85],"that":[86],"approaches":[90],"were":[91],"more":[92],"suitable":[93],"intersentential":[96],"datasets.":[98],"In":[99],"addition,":[100],"performed":[104],"better":[105],"intrasentential":[107],"task.":[109],"With":[110],"this":[111],"study,":[112],"we":[113],"release":[114],"artificially":[116],"generated":[117],"development":[118],"test":[120,126],"sets,":[121],"along":[122],"ecological":[124],"set,":[127],"benchmark":[129],"performance.":[132]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T16:38:18.471706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
