{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2972417954","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2019-1429","title":"On the End-to-End Solution to Mandarin-English Code-Switching Speech Recognition","display_name":"On the End-to-End Solution to Mandarin-English Code-Switching Speech Recognition","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-09-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2972417954","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2019-1429","mag":"2972417954"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21437/interspeech.2019-1429","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2019-1429","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Interspeech 2019","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034445480","display_name":"Zhiping Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6315-4408"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhiping Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Temasek Laboratories, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Temasek Laboratories, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047310084","display_name":"Yerbolat Khassanov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9422-6833"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yerbolat Khassanov","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046222772","display_name":"Van Tung Pham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2103-1901"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Van Tung Pham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Temasek Laboratories, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Temasek Laboratories, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039696635","display_name":"Haihua Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2220-8465"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haihua Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Temasek Laboratories, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Temasek Laboratories, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070872826","display_name":"Eng Siong Chng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6257-7399"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eng Siong Chng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","Temasek Laboratories, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Temasek Laboratories, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032690182","display_name":"Haizhou Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9158-9401"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haizhou Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034445480"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.9024,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":81,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97146252,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2165","last_page":"2169"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-switching","display_name":"Code-switching","score":0.7811493873596191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mandarin-chinese","display_name":"Mandarin Chinese","score":0.6980645656585693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6860326528549194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/end-to-end-principle","display_name":"End-to-end principle","score":0.6534148454666138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.6160034537315369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.42055729031562805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.36736494302749634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3211517930030823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.2768079340457916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.27163100242614746}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18552078","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q255615","display_name":"Code-switching","level":2,"score":0.7811493873596191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138954614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9192","display_name":"Mandarin Chinese","level":2,"score":0.6980645656585693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6860326528549194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74296488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2527392","display_name":"End-to-end principle","level":2,"score":0.6534148454666138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.6160034537315369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.42055729031562805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.36736494302749634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3211517930030823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2768079340457916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.27163100242614746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21437/interspeech.2019-1429","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2019-1429","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Interspeech 2019","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7900000214576721,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320766","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W197277712","https://openalex.org/W854541894","https://openalex.org/W1524333225","https://openalex.org/W1710082047","https://openalex.org/W1922655562","https://openalex.org/W2102113734","https://openalex.org/W2133564696","https://openalex.org/W2165698076","https://openalex.org/W2327501763","https://openalex.org/W2407080277","https://openalex.org/W2514741789","https://openalex.org/W2555428947","https://openalex.org/W2696967604","https://openalex.org/W2745821291","https://openalex.org/W2766219058","https://openalex.org/W2786835190","https://openalex.org/W2799800213","https://openalex.org/W2883989418","https://openalex.org/W2951553268","https://openalex.org/W2962780374","https://openalex.org/W2962784628","https://openalex.org/W2962824709","https://openalex.org/W2963979492","https://openalex.org/W2964156075","https://openalex.org/W2964309797"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2374317326","https://openalex.org/W2990005675","https://openalex.org/W2080787847","https://openalex.org/W1603321096","https://openalex.org/W2394766824","https://openalex.org/W2078713291","https://openalex.org/W2361574037","https://openalex.org/W2386292991","https://openalex.org/W2364440891","https://openalex.org/W2393726922"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Code-switching":[0],"(CS)":[1],"refers":[2],"to":[3,27,65,82],"a":[4,8,51,56,96],"linguistic":[5],"phenomenon":[6],"where":[7,55],"speaker":[9],"uses":[10],"different":[11],"languages":[12],"in":[13,63],"an":[14,73],"utterance":[15],"or":[16],"between":[17],"alternating":[18],"utterances.In":[19],"this":[20],"work,":[21],"we":[22,49,71],"study":[23],"end-to-end":[24],"(E2E)":[25],"approaches":[26],"the":[28,36,66,88,93,101,104],"Mandarin-English":[29,97],"code-switching":[30,89,98],"speech":[31,68],"recognition":[32,69],"task.We":[33],"first":[34],"examine":[35],"effectiveness":[37,102],"of":[38,103],"using":[39],"data":[40,84],"augmentation":[41],"and":[42],"byte-pair":[43],"encoding":[44],"(BPE)":[45],"subword":[46],"units.More":[47],"importantly,":[48],"propose":[50],"multitask":[52],"learning":[53],"recipe,":[54],"language":[57,80],"identification":[58],"task":[59],"is":[60],"explicitly":[61],"learned":[62],"addition":[64],"E2E":[67],"task.Furthermore,":[70],"introduce":[72],"efficient":[74],"word":[75],"vocabulary":[76],"expansion":[77],"method":[78],"for":[79],"modeling":[81],"alleviate":[83],"sparsity":[85],"issues":[86],"under":[87],"scenario.Experimental":[90],"results":[91],"on":[92],"SEAME":[94],"data,":[95],"corpus,":[99],"demonstrate":[100],"proposed":[105],"methods.":[106]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-08-11T07:18:39.950985","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
