{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2398850919","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2015-560","title":"Annotating large lattices with the exact word error","display_name":"Annotating large lattices with the exact word error","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-09-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2398850919","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2015-560","mag":"2398850919"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21437/interspeech.2015-560","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2015-560","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Interspeech 2015","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/248684","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024696072","display_name":"Rogier C. van Dalen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rogier C. van Dalen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050766679","display_name":"Mark Gales","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5311-8219"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark J. F. Gales","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024696072"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8902,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84428039,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2625","last_page":"2629"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7511682510375977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.6846800446510315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automaton","display_name":"Automaton","score":0.6656466126441956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lattice","display_name":"Lattice (music)","score":0.5732396245002747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finite-state-machine","display_name":"Finite-state machine","score":0.566620945930481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exponential-function","display_name":"Exponential function","score":0.5628259181976318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4869000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.46845078468322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.4412231743335724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.43777984380722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finite-state","display_name":"Finite state","score":0.41193005442619324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.33436232805252075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1936872899532318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.1665346324443817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.11097264289855957}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7511682510375977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.6846800446510315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112505250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q787116","display_name":"Automaton","level":2,"score":0.6656466126441956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781204021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6497091","display_name":"Lattice (music)","level":2,"score":0.5732396245002747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167822520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176452","display_name":"Finite-state machine","level":2,"score":0.566620945930481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151376022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168698","display_name":"Exponential function","level":2,"score":0.5628259181976318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4869000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.46845078468322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.4412231743335724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.43777984380722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983497884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176452","display_name":"Finite state","level":3,"score":0.41193005442619324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.33436232805252075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1936872899532318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.1665346324443817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.11097264289855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21437/interspeech.2015-560","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2015-560","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Interspeech 2015","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.repository.cam.ac.uk:1810/248684","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/248684","pdf_url":"https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/248684","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401777","display_name":"Apollo (University of Cambridge)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I241749","host_organization_name":"University of Cambridge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference Object"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.696.2950","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.696.2950","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://svr-www.eng.cam.ac.uk/%7Emjfg/Kernel/van_dalen-2015-exact_error.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:generic.eprints.org:788327","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://publications.eng.cam.ac.uk/788327/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922847","display_name":"Cambridge University Engineering Department Publications Database","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference or Workshop Item"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:www.repository.cam.ac.uk:1810/248684","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/248684","pdf_url":"https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/248684","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401777","display_name":"Apollo (University of Cambridge)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I241749","host_organization_name":"University of Cambridge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference Object"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7099999785423279,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2246533943","display_name":"Generative Kernels and Score Spaces for Classification of Speech","funder_award_id":"EP/I006583/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2398850919.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2398850919.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W853436745","https://openalex.org/W1582482241","https://openalex.org/W1629199664","https://openalex.org/W1895481600","https://openalex.org/W1987238397","https://openalex.org/W1991821078","https://openalex.org/W2011908195","https://openalex.org/W2013714680","https://openalex.org/W2027376919","https://openalex.org/W2075835272","https://openalex.org/W2115874022","https://openalex.org/W2125528794","https://openalex.org/W2132991150","https://openalex.org/W2158510249","https://openalex.org/W2161513525","https://openalex.org/W3145128584","https://openalex.org/W4246219036"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1532285316","https://openalex.org/W4281261571","https://openalex.org/W4242459863","https://openalex.org/W4387024110","https://openalex.org/W127357700","https://openalex.org/W2535494882","https://openalex.org/W1480528870","https://openalex.org/W2508541108","https://openalex.org/W4243191745","https://openalex.org/W2724597727"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"acoustic":[1,49],"model":[2],"in":[3],"modern":[4],"speech":[5,120],"recognisers":[6],"is":[7,19,27],"trained":[8],"discriminatively,":[9],"for":[10,75,90,99],"example":[11],"with":[12,45,62],"the":[13,63,68,73],"minimum":[14],"Bayes":[15,125],"risk.":[16],"This":[17,40,93],"criterion":[18,32],"hard":[20],"to":[21,59,115],"compute":[22],"exactly,":[23],"so":[24],"that":[25,33,51],"it":[26,107,111],"normally":[28],"approximated":[29],"by":[30],"a":[31,96],"uses":[34,77,108],"fixed":[35],"alignments":[36],"of":[37,48,66,88],"lat-tice":[38],"arcs.":[39],"approximation":[41],"becomes":[42],"particularly":[43],"problematic":[44],"new":[46],"types":[47],"models":[50],"require":[52],"flexible":[53],"align-ments.":[54],"It":[55],"would":[56],"be":[57,113],"best":[58],"annotate":[60],"lattices":[61],"risk":[64,126],"mea-sure":[65],"interest,":[67],"exact":[69],"word":[70],"error.":[71],"However,":[72],"algorithm":[74],"this":[76],"finite-state":[78,103],"automaton":[79],"determinisation,":[80],"which":[81],"has":[82],"exponential":[83],"complexity":[84],"and":[85,101],"runs":[86],"out":[87],"memory":[89],"large":[91],"lat-tices.":[92],"paper":[94],"introduces":[95],"novel":[97],"method":[98],"determinis-ing":[100],"minimising":[102],"automata":[104],"incrementally.":[105],"Since":[106],"less":[109],"memory,":[110],"can":[112],"applied":[114],"larger":[116],"lattices.":[117],"Index":[118],"Terms:":[119],"recognition,":[121],"discriminative":[122],"training,":[123],"min-imum":[124]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
