{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2161051082","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2014-114","title":"Classification of cognitive load from speech using an i-vector framework","display_name":"Classification of cognitive load from speech using an i-vector framework","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-09-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2161051082","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2014-114","mag":"2161051082"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21437/interspeech.2014-114","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2014-114","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Interspeech 2014","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113701682","display_name":"Maarten Van Segbroeck","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maarten Van Segbroeck","raw_affiliation_strings":["Signal Analysis & Interpretation Laboratory, Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA","http://sail.usc.edu,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Signal Analysis & Interpretation Laboratory, Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"http://sail.usc.edu,","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079853614","display_name":"Ruchir Travadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1272-5282"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruchir Travadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Signal Analysis & Interpretation Laboratory, Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA","http://sail.usc.edu,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Signal Analysis & Interpretation Laboratory, Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"http://sail.usc.edu,","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082491203","display_name":"Colin Vaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5709-7953"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Colin Vaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Signal Analysis & Interpretation Laboratory, Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA","http://sail.usc.edu,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Signal Analysis & Interpretation Laboratory, Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"http://sail.usc.edu,","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026474173","display_name":"Jangwon Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0228-3502"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jangwon Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Signal Analysis & Interpretation Laboratory, Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA","http://sail.usc.edu,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Signal Analysis & Interpretation Laboratory, Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"http://sail.usc.edu,","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111484450","display_name":"Matthew Black","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106949","display_name":"BioFormatix (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02edynn23","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106949"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew P. Black","raw_affiliation_strings":["Behavioral Informatix, LLC, Los Angeles, CA","Information Sciences Institute, Univ. of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Behavioral Informatix, LLC, Los Angeles, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106949"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Sciences Institute, Univ. of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084949286","display_name":"Alexandros Potamianos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1532-5288"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106949","display_name":"BioFormatix (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02edynn23","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106949"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexandros Potamianos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Behavioral Informatix, LLC, Los Angeles, CA","Signal Analysis & Interpretation Laboratory, Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA","http://sail.usc.edu,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Behavioral Informatix, LLC, Los Angeles, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106949"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Signal Analysis & Interpretation Laboratory, Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"http://sail.usc.edu,","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010028928","display_name":"Shrikanth Narayanan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1052-6204"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106949","display_name":"BioFormatix (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02edynn23","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106949"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shrikanth S. Narayanan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Behavioral Informatix, LLC, Los Angeles, CA","Signal Analysis & Interpretation Laboratory, Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA","http://sail.usc.edu,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Behavioral Informatix, LLC, Los Angeles, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106949"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Signal Analysis & Interpretation Laboratory, Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"http://sail.usc.edu,","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.8947,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":46,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92877067,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"751","last_page":"755"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9750999808311462,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.9750000238418579,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6863008737564087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.547788679599762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.4648292064666748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-load","display_name":"Cognitive load","score":0.44935134053230286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.3656037449836731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3349645137786865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.30350276827812195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.1124054491519928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.07648336887359619}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6863008737564087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.547788679599762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.4648292064666748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61641136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1107019","display_name":"Cognitive load","level":3,"score":0.44935134053230286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.3656037449836731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3349645137786865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.30350276827812195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.1124054491519928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.07648336887359619}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21437/interspeech.2014-114","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2014-114","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Interspeech 2014","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.697.491","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.697.491","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.utdallas.edu/%7Ehynek/citing_papers/IS141198.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.728.2977","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.728.2977","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://sail.usc.edu/%7Ejangwon/2014_INTERSPEECH_Challenge_FinalSubmission.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.892.7705","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.892.7705","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Classification%20of%20Cognitive%20Load%20from%20Speech%20using%20an%20i-vector%20Framework.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8700000047683716}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W258214500","https://openalex.org/W1524333225","https://openalex.org/W1566850435","https://openalex.org/W1595401537","https://openalex.org/W1599512239","https://openalex.org/W1875231349","https://openalex.org/W1989464534","https://openalex.org/W1999651846","https://openalex.org/W2010950770","https://openalex.org/W2014399678","https://openalex.org/W2023584795","https://openalex.org/W2031619410","https://openalex.org/W2034355442","https://openalex.org/W2044975547","https://openalex.org/W2058732030","https://openalex.org/W2085662862","https://openalex.org/W2090861223","https://openalex.org/W2101645415","https://openalex.org/W2107638917","https://openalex.org/W2120357670","https://openalex.org/W2121415728","https://openalex.org/W2129120544","https://openalex.org/W2138730338","https://openalex.org/W2150769028","https://openalex.org/W2184421965","https://openalex.org/W2250184987","https://openalex.org/W2296199791","https://openalex.org/W2394998899","https://openalex.org/W2399082617","https://openalex.org/W2403021840","https://openalex.org/W2405501373","https://openalex.org/W2408021097","https://openalex.org/W2566497469","https://openalex.org/W4238224375","https://openalex.org/W4302557958"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2090763504","https://openalex.org/W148178222","https://openalex.org/W3188425112","https://openalex.org/W1948992892","https://openalex.org/W2104657898","https://openalex.org/W1886884218","https://openalex.org/W1910826599","https://openalex.org/W1980100242","https://openalex.org/W2530420969","https://openalex.org/W2183783065"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"goal":[1],"in":[2,43,52,58],"this":[3],"work":[4],"is":[5,32],"to":[6,49,93,115],"automatically":[7],"classify":[8],"speakers":[9],"\u2019":[10],"level":[11],"of":[12,22,28,39,66,120],"cognitive":[13,45,133],"load":[14,46,134],"(low,":[15],"medium,":[16],"high)":[17],"from":[18,73,82],"a":[19,33,64,112],"standard":[20],"battery":[21],"reading":[23],"tasks":[24],"requiring":[25],"varying":[26],"levels":[27],"working":[29],"memory.":[30],"This":[31],"challenging":[34],"machine":[35],"learning":[36],"problem":[37],"because":[38],"the":[40,74,96,117],"inherent":[41],"difficulty":[42],"defining/measuring":[44],"and":[47,68,81,99,104],"due":[48],"intra-/inter-speaker":[50],"differences":[51],"how":[53],"their":[54],"effects":[55],"are":[56],"man-ifested":[57],"behavioral":[59,126],"cues.":[60],"We":[61],"experimented":[62],"with":[63],"number":[65],"static":[67],"dynamic":[69],"features":[70],"extracted":[71],"directly":[72],"audio":[75],"signal":[76,127],"(prosodic,":[77],"spectral,":[78],"voice":[79],"quality)":[80],"automatic":[83],"speech":[84],"recognition":[85],"hypotheses":[86],"(lexical":[87],"information,":[88],"speaking":[89],"rate).":[90],"Our":[91],"approach":[92],"classification":[94],"addressed":[95],"wide":[97],"vari-ability":[98],"heterogeneity":[100],"through":[101],"speaker":[102],"normalization":[103],"by":[105],"adopting":[106],"an":[107],"i-vector":[108],"framework":[109],"that":[110],"affords":[111],"systematic":[113],"way":[114],"factorize":[116],"multiple":[118],"sources":[119],"variability.":[121],"Index":[122],"Terms:":[123],"computational":[124],"paralinguistics,":[125],"processing":[128],"(BSP),":[129],"prosody,":[130],"ASR,":[131],"i-vector,":[132]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}