{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2398865407","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2012-454","title":"Paraphrastic language models","display_name":"Paraphrastic language models","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-09-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2398865407","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2012-454","mag":"2398865407"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21437/interspeech.2012-454","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2012-454","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Interspeech 2012","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037109470","display_name":"Xunying Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6725-1160"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096386","display_name":"Bridge University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cbm0437","country_code":"SS","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096386"]}],"countries":["GB","SS"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xunying Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cambridge University Engineering Department Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, England"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cambridge University Engineering Department Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, England","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749","https://openalex.org/I4210096386"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050766679","display_name":"Mark Gales","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5311-8219"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096386","display_name":"Bridge University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cbm0437","country_code":"SS","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096386"]}],"countries":["GB","SS"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark J. F. Gales","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cambridge University Engineering Department Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, England"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cambridge University Engineering Department Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, England","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749","https://openalex.org/I4210096386"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018545514","display_name":"Phillip C. Woodland","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096386","display_name":"Bridge University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cbm0437","country_code":"SS","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096386"]}],"countries":["GB","SS"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Phillip C. Woodland","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cambridge University Engineering Department Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, England"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cambridge University Engineering Department Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, England","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749","https://openalex.org/I4210096386"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1656","last_page":"1659"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paraphrase","display_name":"Paraphrase","score":0.790815532207489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7658523321151733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phrase","display_name":"Phrase","score":0.7076659798622131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.6225041151046753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6091375350952148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.5805627107620239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5474234223365784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-error-rate","display_name":"Word error rate","score":0.5376243591308594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5026006698608398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mandarin-chinese","display_name":"Mandarin Chinese","score":0.4803115725517273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.4340212941169739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4213795065879822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.4124159812927246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.22756889462471008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17606842517852783}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780922921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q255189","display_name":"Paraphrase","level":2,"score":0.790815532207489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7658523321151733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776224158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187931","display_name":"Phrase","level":2,"score":0.7076659798622131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.6225041151046753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6091375350952148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.5805627107620239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5474234223365784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40969351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3516228","display_name":"Word error rate","level":2,"score":0.5376243591308594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5026006698608398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138954614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9192","display_name":"Mandarin Chinese","level":2,"score":0.4803115725517273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4340212941169739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4213795065879822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.4124159812927246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.22756889462471008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17606842517852783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21437/interspeech.2012-454","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2012-454","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Interspeech 2012","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.47999998927116394}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3790594077","display_name":"Natural Speech Technology","funder_award_id":"EP/I031022/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W95416423","https://openalex.org/W97072897","https://openalex.org/W101286142","https://openalex.org/W179875071","https://openalex.org/W245306944","https://openalex.org/W323718150","https://openalex.org/W1549339229","https://openalex.org/W1631260214","https://openalex.org/W1970689298","https://openalex.org/W1975422446","https://openalex.org/W1995435861","https://openalex.org/W2038721957","https://openalex.org/W2043762869","https://openalex.org/W2051593977","https://openalex.org/W2076094076","https://openalex.org/W2094971681","https://openalex.org/W2098286805","https://openalex.org/W2099260490","https://openalex.org/W2113500964","https://openalex.org/W2118172714","https://openalex.org/W2120011233","https://openalex.org/W2121227244","https://openalex.org/W2125529971","https://openalex.org/W2127049133","https://openalex.org/W2130437494","https://openalex.org/W2134237567","https://openalex.org/W2134950286","https://openalex.org/W2140679639","https://openalex.org/W2150907703","https://openalex.org/W2152397575","https://openalex.org/W2154423186","https://openalex.org/W2158195707","https://openalex.org/W2396033037","https://openalex.org/W2398865407","https://openalex.org/W2402268235","https://openalex.org/W2411442511","https://openalex.org/W2882319491","https://openalex.org/W2953369829","https://openalex.org/W3105439152","https://openalex.org/W4205337843","https://openalex.org/W4297928822","https://openalex.org/W4302033085"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2163874654","https://openalex.org/W2594897229","https://openalex.org/W2151348424","https://openalex.org/W4221142855","https://openalex.org/W2050138804","https://openalex.org/W2129812225","https://openalex.org/W4290708361","https://openalex.org/W26527944","https://openalex.org/W2523799048","https://openalex.org/W2155620340"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Natural":[0],"languages":[1],"are":[2,77,97],"known":[3],"for":[4,32,129],"their":[5,82],"expressive":[6],"richness.Many":[7],"sentences":[8],"can":[9,24],"be":[10],"used":[11,70],"to":[12,71],"represent":[13],"the":[14,19,48,90,94,120,181],"same":[15],"underlying":[16],"meaning.Only":[17],"modelling":[18,144],"observed":[20],"surface":[21],"word":[22,91,146,155],"sequence":[23],"result":[25],"in":[26],"poor":[27],"context":[28],"coverage":[29],"and":[30,93,134,147,156,173,184],"generalization,":[31],"example,":[33],"when":[34],"using":[35,139],"n-gram":[36,122,183],"language":[37,46,85],"models":[38,86],"(LMs).This":[39],"paper":[40],"proposes":[41],"a":[42,140,163],"novel":[43],"form":[44],"of":[45,115,168],"model,":[47],"paraphrastic":[49,141],"LM,":[50],"that":[51],"addresses":[52],"these":[53],"issues.A":[54],"phrase":[55,95,148,157],"level":[56,92,96,158],"paraphrase":[57,74,106],"model":[58],"statistically":[59],"learned":[60],"from":[61],"standard":[62],"text":[63],"data":[64],"with":[65,154],"no":[66],"semantic":[67],"annotation":[68],"is":[69,109,151],"generate":[72],"multiple":[73],"variants.LM":[75],"probabilities":[76],"then":[78],"estimated":[79,87],"by":[80],"maximizing":[81],"marginal":[83],"probability.Multi-level":[84],"at":[88],"both":[89,145],"combined.An":[98],"efficient":[99],"weighted":[100],"finite":[101],"state":[102],"transducer":[103],"(WFST)":[104],"based":[105],"generation":[107],"approach":[108],"also":[110],"presented.Significant":[111],"error":[112,165],"rate":[113,166],"reductions":[114],"0.5%-0.6%absolute":[116],"were":[117,178],"obtained":[118,179],"over":[119,180],"baseline":[121,182],"LMs":[123,187],"on":[124],"two":[125],"state-of-the-art":[126],"recognition":[127],"tasks":[128],"English":[130],"conversational":[131],"telephone":[132],"speech":[133,138],"Mandarin":[135],"Chinese":[136],"broadcast":[137],"multi-level":[142],"LM":[143],"sequences.When":[149],"it":[150],"further":[152],"combined":[153],"feed-forward":[159],"neural":[160,185],"network":[161,186],"LMs,":[162],"significant":[164],"reduction":[167],"0.9%":[169],"absolute":[170,175],"(9%":[171],"relative)":[172,177],"0.5%":[174],"(5%":[176],"respectively.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
