{"id":"https://openalex.org/W81359396","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2007-144","title":"Direct acoustic feature using iterative EM algorithm and spectral energy for classifying suicidal speech","display_name":"Direct acoustic feature using iterative EM algorithm and spectral energy for classifying suicidal speech","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-08-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W81359396","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2007-144","mag":"81359396"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21437/interspeech.2007-144","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2007-144","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Interspeech 2007","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050921749","display_name":"Thaweesak Yingthawornsuk","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"T. Yingthawornsuk","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083686468","display_name":"H. Kaymaz Keskinpala","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Kaymaz Keskinpala","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017841865","display_name":"D.M. Wilkes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9693-3539"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. M. Wilkes","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113273103","display_name":"Richard Shiavi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. G. Shiavi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005056000","display_name":"Ronald M. Salomon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9473-6611"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. M. Salomon","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050921749"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.685,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76875515,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"766","last_page":"769"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13289","display_name":"Infant Health and Development","score":0.9646999835968018,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3611","display_name":"Pharmacy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13289","display_name":"Infant Health and Development","score":0.9646999835968018,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3611","display_name":"Pharmacy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.955299973487854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.935699999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocal-tract","display_name":"Vocal tract","score":0.7079178690910339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5388616323471069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depression","display_name":"Depression (economics)","score":0.5311571359634399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.5079217553138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.48558109998703003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.45966020226478577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/suicide-attempt","display_name":"Suicide attempt","score":0.4121747314929962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-psychology","display_name":"Clinical psychology","score":0.3928535282611847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/suicide-prevention","display_name":"Suicide prevention","score":0.38983526825904846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/audiology","display_name":"Audiology","score":0.3782247006893158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3195258378982544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3177090287208557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poison-control","display_name":"Poison control","score":0.2893591523170471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.25160443782806396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-emergency","display_name":"Medical emergency","score":0.15660494565963745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10814157128334045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.082238107919693}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47401133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q748953","display_name":"Vocal tract","level":2,"score":0.7079178690910339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5388616323471069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776867660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1814941","display_name":"Depression (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5311571359634399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5079217553138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.48558109998703003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.45966020226478577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780842732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3518184","display_name":"Suicide attempt","level":4,"score":0.4121747314929962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.3928535282611847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526869908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3298118","display_name":"Suicide prevention","level":3,"score":0.38983526825904846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548259974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965","display_name":"Audiology","level":1,"score":0.3782247006893158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3195258378982544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3177090287208557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.2893591523170471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.25160443782806396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C545542383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242","display_name":"Medical emergency","level":1,"score":0.15660494565963745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10814157128334045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.082238107919693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21437/interspeech.2007-144","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2007-144","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Interspeech 2007","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W24365208","https://openalex.org/W1528176576","https://openalex.org/W1989069793","https://openalex.org/W1989957494","https://openalex.org/W2003547693","https://openalex.org/W2049633694","https://openalex.org/W2148822124","https://openalex.org/W2163632146","https://openalex.org/W2217429244","https://openalex.org/W2543013275","https://openalex.org/W3046058004"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2046159456","https://openalex.org/W2097483477","https://openalex.org/W4251649311","https://openalex.org/W2049010518","https://openalex.org/W3026839390","https://openalex.org/W2529681323","https://openalex.org/W2012897831","https://openalex.org/W2469181328","https://openalex.org/W2345063995","https://openalex.org/W2301642871"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"\u2013Research":[1],"has":[2,357],"shown":[3,354,502],"that":[4,105,211,224,272,355,503,676],"the":[5,38,43,150,158,188,191,225,229,237,254,260,266,278,285,301,304,311,362,370,379,386,393,426,437,445,464,504,570,578,596,613,616,643,647,650,667,671,707,722],"voice":[6,212,286,366],"itself":[7],"contains":[8],"important":[9,215],"information":[10,216],"about":[11,217],"immediate":[12,218],"psychological":[13,219],"state":[14],"and":[15,48,54,75,108,185,196,201,269,298,314,319,433,447,477,485,519,546,581,588,599,620,656,670,716],"certain":[16,349],"vocal":[17,44,84,138,168,231,329,427,617,644],"parameters":[18,330,690],"are":[19,119,124,275,382,630,691],"capable":[20],"of":[21,25,42,67,73,152,160,240,284,300,306,316,322,365,378,411,449,459,473,530,554,560,572,615,622,627,641,649,660,684,709],"distinguishing":[22,466,516],"speaking":[23,573],"patterns":[24,139],"speech":[26,232,241,261,344,381,490,628,633],"signal":[27,629],"affected":[28,331],"by":[29,264,332,340,548,576,595,681],"emotional":[30,255,282,333,438],"disturbances":[31,334],"(i.e.,":[32,431],"clinical":[33,128],"depression).":[34],"In":[35,187,392,610],"this":[36,181,611,731],"study,":[37],"GMM":[39],"based":[40],"feature":[41,61,468,506,711,714],"tract":[45,428,618],"system":[46,619,652],"response":[47,653],"spectral":[49,672],"energy":[50,86,307,451,623],"have":[51,222,228,353,401,424,501],"been":[52,402],"studied":[53],"found":[55,444,510],"to":[56,113,115,135,149,155,166,194,337,369,385,404,435,462,535,541,604,636],"be":[57,178,288,338,463,542],"a":[58,71,91,103,320,358,456,488,494,528,549,558,638,682,694],"primary":[59,713],"acoustic":[60,169,279,350,363,376,467,513],"set":[62,469,507,529],"for":[63,470],"separating":[64],"two":[65,606],"groups":[66,176,472,608],"female":[68],"patients":[69,227,235,245,521],"carrying":[70],"diagnosis":[72],"depression":[74,356],"suicidal":[76,81,144,161,172,184,234,388,478],"risk.":[77],"Index":[78],"Terms":[79],":":[80],"speech,":[82],"depression,":[83],"tract,":[85],"1.":[87],"Introduction":[88],"Suicide":[89],"is":[90,106,165,335,654,664,679,700],"common":[92],"outcome":[93],"in":[94,127,140,157,171,180,250,259,273,277,308,328,375,390,409,452,493,515,584,624,675],"persons":[95,117,141],"with":[96,142,290,348],"serious":[97],"mental":[98,413],"disorders.":[99,439],"However,":[100],"it":[101],"remains":[102],"phenomenon":[104],"underresearched":[107],"poorly":[109],"understood.":[110],"Moreover,":[111],"methods":[112],"help":[114],"identify":[116,136,536],"who":[118,538],"at":[120],"an":[121,133,342],"elevated":[122],"risk":[123],"sorely":[125],"needed":[126],"practice.":[129],"This":[130,163],"study":[131,167,175],"represents":[132],"attempt":[134],"characteristic":[137],"imminent":[143],"potential":[145],"which":[146],"could":[147],"lead":[148],"development":[151],"new":[153,489],"technology":[154],"aid":[156],"assessment":[159],"potential.":[162],"project":[164],"properties":[170,377],"states.":[173],"Two":[174],"will":[177],"contrasted":[179],"work:":[182],"near\u2013term":[183,387],"depressed.":[186],"early":[189],"1980\u2019s":[190],"Silvermans":[192],"began":[193],"collect":[195],"analyze":[197],"recorded":[198,492],"suicide":[199,206],"notes":[200],"interviews":[202],"made":[203],"shortly":[204],"before":[205],"attempts.":[207],"Their":[208],"results":[209,500,571],"suggested":[210],"can":[213,287],"provide":[214],"state.":[220],"They":[221],"described":[223],"depressed":[226,518,589],"same":[230],"as":[233,294,511,557,702],"but":[236],"tonal":[238],"quality":[239],"changes":[242,258,374],"significantly":[243,564],"when":[244,367],"become":[246],"suicidal.":[247,421],"As":[248],"reported":[249],"[1],":[251],"[2],":[252],"[3],":[253],"arousal":[256],"produces":[257],"production":[262],"scheme":[263],"affecting":[265],"respiratory,":[267],"phonatory,":[268],"articulatory":[270],"processes":[271],"turn":[274],"encoded":[276],"signal.":[280],"The":[281,325,498,591,632,658],"content":[283],"associated":[289,347],"acoustical":[291],"variables":[292],"such":[293],"thelevel,":[295],"range,":[296],"contour,":[297],"perturbation":[299],"fundamental":[302],"frequency,":[303],"distribution":[305,621],"frequency":[309,453,457,625],"spectrum,":[310],"location,":[312],"bandwidth":[313],"intensity":[315],"formant":[317,580,600],"frequencies,":[318],"variety":[321],"temporal":[323],"measures.":[324],"measurable":[326],"change":[327],"able":[336],"evaluated":[339],"utilizing":[341],"appropriate":[343],"processing":[345,634],"approach":[346],"features.":[351],"Researches":[352],"major":[359,475,543],"effect":[360],"on":[361],"characteristics":[364,648],"compared":[368,569],"normal":[371,547,586],"controls.":[372],"Certain":[373],"affective":[380],"possibly":[383],"specific":[384,639],"states":[389],"persons.":[391],"published":[394],"pilot":[395],"studies":[396,423],"[4],":[397],"[6],":[398],"analytical":[399],"techniques":[400],"developed":[403],"determine":[405],"if":[406],"subjects":[407],"were":[408,482,539],"one":[410],"three":[412],"states:":[414],"healthy":[415],"control,":[416,474],"non\u2013suicidal":[417],"depressed,":[418,476,544],"or":[419],"high\u2013risk":[420],"Several":[422],"used":[425,527],"(VT)":[429],"measures":[430],"formants)":[432],"prosody":[434],"classify":[436],"France":[440],"et.":[441,524],"al":[442,525],"[4]":[443],"formants":[446],"percentages":[448],"total":[450],"spectrum":[454,626,663,678],"over":[455],"range":[458],"0\u20132,000":[460],"Hz":[461],"most":[465,602],"classifying":[471,585],"subjects.":[479],"These":[480],"features":[481,645],"recently":[483],"re\u2013investigated":[484],"extracted":[486],"from":[487,730],"database":[491],"better":[495],"controlled":[496],"environment.":[497],"experimental":[499],"investigated":[505],"was":[508,563],"still":[509],"powerful":[512],"discriminators":[514],"suicidal,":[517,545],"remitted":[520],"[1].":[522],"Ozdas":[523],"[6]":[526],"low":[531],"order":[532],"mel\u2013cepstral":[533],"coefficients":[534],"speakers":[537],"diagnosed":[540],"psychiatrist.":[550],"Her":[551],"comparative":[552],"result":[553],"classification":[555],"performance":[556,717],"measure":[559],"group":[561],"separation":[562],"high.":[565],"Moore":[566],"et":[567],"al.":[568],"pattern":[574],"recognition":[575],"employing":[577],"prosody,":[579],"glottal":[582,597],"ratio/spectrum":[583,598],"controls":[587],"patients.":[590],"optimal":[592],"classifiers":[593],"designated":[594],"performed":[601],"effectively":[603],"separate":[605],"individual":[607],"[7].":[609],"work,":[612],"characterization":[614],"focused.":[631],"algorithm":[635],"solve":[637],"problem":[640],"extracting":[642],"representing":[646],"VT":[651],"implemented":[655],"proposed.":[657],"estimate":[659],"smoothed":[661],"magnitude":[662,677],"determined":[665],"via":[666,693],"cepstrum":[668],"analysis":[669],"structure":[673],"contained":[674],"modeled":[680],"mixture":[683],"Gaussian":[685],"density":[686],"components":[687],"whose":[688],"model":[689],"estimated":[692],"well\u2013known":[695],"\u201cExpectation\u2013Maximization\u201d":[696],"(EM)":[697],"algorithm.This":[698],"paper":[699],"organized":[701],"follows:":[703],"Section":[704,719],"2":[705],"provides":[706],"descriptions":[708],"database,":[710],"extraction,":[712],"selection,":[715],"evaluation.":[718],"3":[720],"presents":[721],"results.":[723],"Finally,":[724],"section":[725],"4":[726],"concludes":[727],"all":[728],"findings":[729],"work.":[732]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}