{"id":"https://openalex.org/W165253526","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2004-369","title":"Unified language modeling using finite-state transducers with first applications","display_name":"Unified language modeling using finite-state transducers with first applications","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-10-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W165253526","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2004-369","mag":"165253526"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21437/interspeech.2004-369","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2004-369","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Interspeech 2004","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001650589","display_name":"Hans J. G. A. Dolfing","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hans J. G. A. Dolfing","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082094386","display_name":"Pierce Gerard Buckley","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pierce Gerard Buckley","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053554380","display_name":"David Horowitz","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Horowitz","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9252,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80076393,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1049","last_page":"1052"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8679901361465454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-based-machine-translation","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","score":0.6431097984313965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.6273113489151001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grammar","display_name":"Grammar","score":0.5812497138977051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.5165268778800964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.5149174928665161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.503966748714447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.49577054381370544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4793194532394409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finite-state","display_name":"Finite state","score":0.464181125164032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.44484785199165344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modeling-language","display_name":"Modeling language","score":0.4273906648159027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-modeling","display_name":"Data modeling","score":0.41216203570365906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.41146624088287354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.18444520235061646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.17562547326087952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.14703533053398132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.0806901752948761}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8679901361465454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53893814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7378909","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","level":2,"score":0.6431097984313965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6273113489151001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26022165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8091","display_name":"Grammar","level":2,"score":0.5812497138977051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.5165268778800964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5149174928665161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.503966748714447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.49577054381370544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4793194532394409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983497884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176452","display_name":"Finite state","level":3,"score":0.464181125164032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.44484785199165344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179603123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1941921","display_name":"Modeling language","level":3,"score":0.4273906648159027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.41216203570365906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.41146624088287354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.18444520235061646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.17562547326087952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.14703533053398132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0806901752948761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21437/interspeech.2004-369","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2004-369","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Interspeech 2004","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7300000190734863,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W43272201","https://openalex.org/W137700910","https://openalex.org/W193511432","https://openalex.org/W214989851","https://openalex.org/W1602011256","https://openalex.org/W1967325250","https://openalex.org/W2046677175","https://openalex.org/W2046932483","https://openalex.org/W2104759626","https://openalex.org/W2109831181","https://openalex.org/W2129554061","https://openalex.org/W2572127130"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2169518243","https://openalex.org/W1548146869","https://openalex.org/W1536033105","https://openalex.org/W1982746897","https://openalex.org/W1504880983","https://openalex.org/W2137446469","https://openalex.org/W1520196994","https://openalex.org/W2132109814","https://openalex.org/W3150614655","https://openalex.org/W2344481184"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,76],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,57],"investigate":[4],"a":[5,19,52],"weighted":[6],"finite-state":[7],"transducer":[8],"approach":[9],"to":[10,22],"language":[11,35],"modelling":[12],"for":[13,47],"speech":[14,24],"recognition":[15,25,62],"applications.":[16],"We":[17],"explore":[18],"unified":[20],"framework":[21],"conversational":[23],"which":[26],"combines":[27],"the":[28,38,45,68],"benefits":[29],"of":[30,40,64,70],"grammars,":[31],"n-gram":[32],"and":[33,44,61,67],"class-based":[34],"models,":[36],"with":[37],"flexibility":[39],"using":[41],"dynamic":[42,73],"data,":[43],"potential":[46],"integrating":[48],"semantics.":[49],"Based":[50],"on":[51],"virtual":[53],"personal":[54],"assistant":[55],"application,":[56],"show":[58],"first":[59],"applications":[60],"results":[63],"out-of-grammar":[65],"handling":[66],"integration":[69],"class-based,":[71],"weighted,":[72],"data":[74],"into":[75],"framework.":[77]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}