{"id":"https://openalex.org/W179868316","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21437/icslp.2002-309","title":"Improved katz smoothing for language modeling in speech recogniton","display_name":"Improved katz smoothing for language modeling in speech recogniton","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-09-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W179868316","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21437/icslp.2002-309","mag":"179868316"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21437/icslp.2002-309","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21437/icslp.2002-309","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"7th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP 2002)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102056657","display_name":"Genqing Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Genqing Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041679034","display_name":"Fang Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7858-4080"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fang Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082058381","display_name":"Wenhu Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenhu Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111983309","display_name":"Mingxing Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3878-315X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingxing Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109995018","display_name":"Ling Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7364-913X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ling Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4265,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65245322,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"925","last_page":"928"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9732999801635742,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pinyin","display_name":"Pinyin","score":0.8577433824539185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pronunciation","display_name":"Pronunciation","score":0.8387492895126343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoothing","display_name":"Smoothing","score":0.7907460927963257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6169682741165161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discounting","display_name":"Discounting","score":0.6099335551261902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.5546544194221497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perplexity","display_name":"Perplexity","score":0.5060216784477234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/string","display_name":"String (physics)","score":0.48433220386505127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","score":0.4839368462562561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.41811490058898926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chinese-characters","display_name":"Chinese characters","score":0.2965460419654846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2573494613170624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.23450833559036255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.22501307725906372}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781095461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42222","display_name":"Pinyin","level":3,"score":0.8577433824539185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780844864","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184377","display_name":"Pronunciation","level":2,"score":0.8387492895126343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3770464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775963","display_name":"Smoothing","level":2,"score":0.7907460927963257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6169682741165161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6177178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10998070","display_name":"Discounting","level":2,"score":0.6099335551261902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.5546544194221497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100279451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q372193","display_name":"Perplexity","level":3,"score":0.5060216784477234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157486923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376436","display_name":"String (physics)","level":2,"score":0.48433220386505127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4839368462562561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.41811490058898926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781051154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8201","display_name":"Chinese characters","level":2,"score":0.2965460419654846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2573494613170624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.23450833559036255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.22501307725906372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37914503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495","display_name":"Mathematical physics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21437/icslp.2002-309","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21437/icslp.2002-309","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"7th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP 2002)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.725.1333","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.725.1333","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://cslt.riit.tsinghua.edu.cn/%7Efzheng/PAPERS/2002/0209E_ICSLP_LM-Smoothing_WGQ.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.5199999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1597533204","https://openalex.org/W1934041838","https://openalex.org/W2082092506","https://openalex.org/W2134237567"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2741769689","https://openalex.org/W3204158272","https://openalex.org/W3191624196","https://openalex.org/W2547767923","https://openalex.org/W2529685800","https://openalex.org/W2169518243","https://openalex.org/W2252095989","https://openalex.org/W4322096525","https://openalex.org/W2551914602","https://openalex.org/W4287323699"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"a":[3,38,96,117],"new":[4,91],"method":[5,92,114],"is":[6,24,47,93,101],"proposed":[7],"to":[8],"improve":[9],"the":[10,28,42,51,59,63,68,75,102,108,112],"canonical":[11],"Katz":[12,22],"back-off":[13],"smoothing":[14,23,76],"technique":[15],"in":[16,49,87,121],"language":[17],"modeling.":[18],"The":[19,90],"process":[20],"of":[21,41,62],"detailedly":[25],"analyzed":[26],"and":[27,107,123],"global":[29],"discounting":[30,45,52],"parameters":[31,46,53],"are":[32,54],"selected":[33],"for":[34,44,79],"discounting.":[35],"Further":[36],"more,":[37],"modified":[39],"version":[40],"formula":[43],"proposed,":[48],"which":[50],"determined":[55],"by":[56],"not":[57],"only":[58],"occurring":[60],"counts":[61],"n-gram":[64,81],"units":[65,82],"but":[66],"also":[67],"low-order":[69],"history":[70],"frequencies.":[71],"This":[72],"modification":[73],"makes":[74],"more":[77],"reasonable":[78],"those":[80],"that":[83,111],"have":[84],"homophonic":[85],"(same":[86],"pronunciation)":[88],"histories.":[89],"tested":[94],"on":[95],"Chinese":[97,124],"Pinyin-to-character":[98],"(where":[99],"Pinyin":[100],"pronunciation":[103],"string)":[104],"conversion":[105],"system":[106],"results":[109],"show":[110],"improved":[113],"can":[115],"achieve":[116],"surprising":[118],"reduction":[119],"both":[120],"perplexity":[122],"character":[125],"error":[126],"rate.":[127],"1.":[128]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}