{"id":"https://openalex.org/W100091251","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21437/icslp.1994-535","title":"Labeler agreement in phonetic labeling of continuous speech","display_name":"Labeler agreement in phonetic labeling of continuous speech","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-09-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W100091251","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21437/icslp.1994-535","mag":"100091251"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21437/icslp.1994-535","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21437/icslp.1994-535","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"3rd International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP 1994)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113678575","display_name":"Ronald A. Cole","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2646-817X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ronald Cole","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043699327","display_name":"Beatrice T. Oshika","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Beatrice T. Oshika","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084661381","display_name":"Mike Noel","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mike Noel","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065186625","display_name":"Terri Lander","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Terri Lander","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031737280","display_name":"Mark Fanty","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Fanty","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113678575"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.01649863,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2131","last_page":"2134"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13155","display_name":"Digital Communication and Language","score":0.9294999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13155","display_name":"Digital Communication and Language","score":0.9294999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10403","display_name":"Phonetics and Phonology Research","score":0.909500002861023,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6742368936538696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agreement","display_name":"Agreement","score":0.6028634905815125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.5556690692901611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.495108038187027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3591797351837158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.33234304189682007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.13085663318634033}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6742368936538696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776818064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q829903","display_name":"Agreement","level":2,"score":0.6028634905815125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.5556690692901611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.495108038187027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3591797351837158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.33234304189682007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.13085663318634033}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21437/icslp.1994-535","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21437/icslp.1994-535","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"3rd International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP 1994)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.55.5240","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.55.5240","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ftp://speech.cse.ogi.edu/pub/docs/label_agree_icslp94.ps.Z","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4399999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2611614995","https://openalex.org/W2368651715","https://openalex.org/W2789919619","https://openalex.org/W1552159754","https://openalex.org/W2148757832","https://openalex.org/W2293457016","https://openalex.org/W2131420137","https://openalex.org/W2091286077","https://openalex.org/W3107474891","https://openalex.org/W38394648"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"analyzes":[2],"inter-labeler":[3],"agreement":[4],"of":[5,15,35,70,75,79,99,106,114,119,126],"label":[6],"choice":[7],"and":[8,28,42,82],"boundary":[9],"placement":[10],"for":[11,124,139],"human":[12],"phonetic":[13,60,127],"transcriptions":[14,69],"continuous":[16,134],"telephone":[17],"speech":[18,135],"in":[19,73],"different":[20],"languages.":[21,37,53],"In":[22,38],"experiment":[23,39,64],"one,":[24],"English,":[25],"German,":[26],"Mandarin":[27],"Spanish":[29],"are":[30,44,122,137],"labeled":[31,45],"by":[32,46],"fluent":[33],"speakers":[34,93],"the":[36,52,68,71,76,90,96,100,103,115,120,141],"two,":[40],"German":[41],"Hindi":[43],"linguists":[47,111],"who":[48],"do":[49],"not":[50],"speak":[51],"Experiment":[54],"two":[55],"uses":[56],"a":[57],"somewhat":[58],"finer":[59],"transcription":[61,88],"set":[62],"than":[63],"one.":[65],"We":[66],"compare":[67],"utterances":[72],"terms":[74],"minimum":[77],"number":[78],"substitutions,":[80],"insertions":[81],"deletions":[83],"needed":[84],"to":[85,89],"map":[86],"one":[87],"other.":[91],"Native":[92],"agree":[94,112],"on":[95],"average":[97],"67.52%":[98],"time":[101],"at":[102],"finest":[104],"level":[105],"labeling,":[107],"including":[108],"diacritics.":[109],"Non-native":[110],"34.41%":[113],"time.":[116],"The":[117],"implications":[118],"results":[121],"discussed":[123],"evaluation":[125],"recognition":[128],"algorithms.":[129],"1.":[130],"INTRODUCTION":[131],"Phonetically":[132],"transcribed":[133],"databases":[136],"important":[138],"understanding":[140],"phonological":[142],"st...":[143]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
