{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2406427462","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21437/eurospeech.1997-618","title":"On the independence of digits in connected digit strings","display_name":"On the independence of digits in connected digit strings","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-09-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2406427462","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21437/eurospeech.1997-618","mag":"2406427462"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21437/eurospeech.1997-618","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21437/eurospeech.1997-618","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"5th European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology (Eurospeech 1997)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2066/74987","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5098466780","display_name":"Johan W. Koolwaaij","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","display_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","ror":"https://ror.org/016xsfp80","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Johan W. Koolwaaij","raw_affiliation_strings":["ent of Language an d Speech, Nijmegen University P.O. Box 9103, 6500 HD Nijmegen, th","N etherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ent of Language an d Speech, Nijmegen University P.O. Box 9103, 6500 HD Nijmegen, th","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"N etherlands","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037500994","display_name":"Lou Boves","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1942-9355"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","display_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","ror":"https://ror.org/016xsfp80","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lou Boves","raw_affiliation_strings":["N etherlands","ent of Language an d Speech, Nijmegen University P.O. Box 9103, 6500 HD Nijmegen, th"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"N etherlands","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ent of Language an d Speech, Nijmegen University P.O. Box 9103, 6500 HD Nijmegen, th","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5098466780"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.29741497,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2351","last_page":"2354"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12162","display_name":"Cellular Automata and Applications","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12162","display_name":"Cellular Automata and Applications","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11567","display_name":"semigroups and automata theory","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/numerical-digit","display_name":"Numerical digit","score":0.8598405122756958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/independence","display_name":"Independence (probability theory)","score":0.6337034106254578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.555049479007721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5089437961578369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.30976033210754395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.10510832071304321}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94957134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82990","display_name":"Numerical digit","level":2,"score":0.8598405122756958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35651441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625303","display_name":"Independence (probability theory)","level":2,"score":0.6337034106254578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.555049479007721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5089437961578369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.30976033210754395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.10510832071304321}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21437/eurospeech.1997-618","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21437/eurospeech.1997-618","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"5th European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology (Eurospeech 1997)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.ubn.ru.nl:2066/74987","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2066/74987","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2066/74987","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401067","display_name":"Radboud Repository (Radboud University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","host_organization_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Kokkinakis, G.; Fakotakis, N.; Dermatas, E. (ed.), Eurospeech'97 Proceedings. ESCA 5th European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology, pp. pt 5  2351-2354","raw_type":"Part of book or chapter of book"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.50.2672","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.50.2672","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://lands.let.kun.nl/literature/koolwaaij.1997.1.ps","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.ubn.ru.nl:2066/74987","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2066/74987","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2066/74987","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401067","display_name":"Radboud Repository (Radboud University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","host_organization_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Kokkinakis, G.; Fakotakis, N.; Dermatas, E. (ed.), Eurospeech'97 Proceedings. ESCA 5th European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology, pp. pt 5  2351-2354","raw_type":"Part of book or chapter of book"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.6100000143051147,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2406427462.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1553004968"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2033860701","https://openalex.org/W1963930613","https://openalex.org/W1569173638","https://openalex.org/W3138640319","https://openalex.org/W2090853787","https://openalex.org/W4249399111","https://openalex.org/W2131256658","https://openalex.org/W4245042232"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"One":[0],"of":[1,26,34,37,93,116,136,149],"the":[2,24,32,35,38,101,121,134,147,153],"frequently":[3],"used":[4],"assumptions":[5],"in":[6,41,49,85,108,133],"Speaker":[7,127],"Verification":[8,128],"is":[9,30,118],"that":[10,42,99],"two":[11],"speech":[12,39,67],"segments":[13,40],"(phonemes,":[14],"subwords,":[15],"words)":[16],"are":[17],"considered":[18],"to":[19,55,120,145],"be":[20,56],"independent.":[21],"And":[22],"therefore,":[23],"log-likelihood":[25,148],"a":[27,65,74,79,88,150],"test":[28,61,122],"utterance":[29],"just":[31],"sum":[33],"log-likelihoods":[36],"utterance.":[43,123],"This":[44],"paper":[45],"reports":[46],"about":[47],"cases":[48],"which":[50,63,77,91],"this":[51],"observation-independence":[52],"assumption":[53,103],"seems":[54,143],"violated,":[57],"namely":[58],"for":[59],"those":[60],"utterances":[62],"call":[64],"certain":[66],"model":[68],"more":[69,112],"than":[70,87],"once.":[71],"For":[72],"example,":[73],"pin":[75,89],"code":[76,90],"contains":[78],"non-unique":[80],"digit":[81,140],"set":[82],"performs":[83],"worse":[84],"verification":[86],"consists":[92],"four":[94],"different":[95],"digits.":[96],"Results":[97],"illustrate":[98],"violating":[100],"independence":[102],"too":[104],"much":[105],"might":[106],"result":[107],"increasing":[109],"EERs":[110],"while":[111],"information":[113],"(in":[114],"form":[115,135],"digits)":[117],"added":[119],"1.":[124],"INTRODUCTION":[125],"In":[126],"(SV)":[129],"systems":[130],"using":[131],"passwords":[132],"fixed":[137],"or":[138],"prompted":[139],"strings":[141],"it":[142],"usual":[144],"compute":[146],"claimant":[151],"being":[152],"true":[154],"speaker...":[155]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
