{"id":"https://openalex.org/W338080557","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21437/ecst.1987-22","title":"The application of adaptive constraint satisfaction networks to acoustic phonetic attribute determination","display_name":"The application of adaptive constraint satisfaction networks to acoustic phonetic attribute determination","publication_year":1987,"publication_date":"1987-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W338080557","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21437/ecst.1987-22","mag":"338080557"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21437/ecst.1987-22","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/ecst.1987-22","pdf_url":"https://www.isca-archive.org/ecst_1987/howard87_ecst.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Conference on Speech Technology","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.isca-archive.org/ecst_1987/howard87_ecst.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054473045","display_name":"Ian S. Howard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6041-9669"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ian S. Howard","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082660734","display_name":"Mark Huckvale","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4503-5552"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark A. Huckvale","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0442541,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1075","last_page":"1078"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10820","display_name":"Fuzzy Logic and Control Systems","score":0.9279000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7372769713401794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/a-priori-and-a-posteriori","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","score":0.7362082004547119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perceptron","display_name":"Perceptron","score":0.6716806888580322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/naive-bayes-classifier","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","score":0.5823593139648438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5642551183700562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.5236256718635559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5060059428215027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.4914776086807251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilayer-perceptron","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","score":0.4636712074279785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4552350342273712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayes-theorem","display_name":"Bayes' theorem","score":0.45434945821762085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.440559059381485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-discriminant-analysis","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","score":0.4317750930786133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sonar","display_name":"Sonar","score":0.4293244481086731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.36544936895370483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.15509256720542908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14200341701507568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-probability","display_name":"Bayesian probability","score":0.11694419384002686}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7372769713401794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75553542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178161","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","level":2,"score":0.7362082004547119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60908668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690207","display_name":"Perceptron","level":3,"score":0.6716806888580322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52001869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812530","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","level":3,"score":0.5823593139648438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5642551183700562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.5236256718635559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5060059428215027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.4914776086807251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179717631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2991667","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","level":3,"score":0.4636712074279785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4552350342273712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207201462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182505","display_name":"Bayes' theorem","level":3,"score":0.45434945821762085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.440559059381485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","level":2,"score":0.4317750930786133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555745239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133220","display_name":"Sonar","level":2,"score":0.4293244481086731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.36544936895370483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.15509256720542908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14200341701507568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107673813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812534","display_name":"Bayesian probability","level":2,"score":0.11694419384002686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21437/ecst.1987-22","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/ecst.1987-22","pdf_url":"https://www.isca-archive.org/ecst_1987/howard87_ecst.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Conference on Speech Technology","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21437/ecst.1987-22","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/ecst.1987-22","pdf_url":"https://www.isca-archive.org/ecst_1987/howard87_ecst.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Conference on Speech Technology","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","display_name":"Medical Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03x94j517"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W338080557.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W338080557.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1623080549","https://openalex.org/W2069501481","https://openalex.org/W3094114204"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2537862391","https://openalex.org/W2417174640","https://openalex.org/W2076543106","https://openalex.org/W2523437662","https://openalex.org/W89844371","https://openalex.org/W2019891950","https://openalex.org/W2085842814","https://openalex.org/W4286643620","https://openalex.org/W4387048144","https://openalex.org/W2492135063"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Speech":[0],"is":[1,87,93,112],"a":[2,5,33,100,115,121],"signal":[3],"with":[4],"complex":[6],"underlying":[7],"structure":[8,25,31,48],"and":[9],"considerable":[10],"variability.":[11],"In":[12],"order":[13],"to":[14,43,76,102],"determine":[15],"acoustic":[16],"phonetic":[17],"correlates":[18],"of":[19,55,63,83],"speech":[20],"one":[21,96],"must":[22],"take":[23],"this":[24,61],"into":[26],"account.":[27],"To":[28],"specify":[29],"its":[30],"adequately":[32],"priori":[34],"would":[35,40],"be":[36,77],"very":[37,104],"difficult.":[38],"One":[39],"also":[41],"have":[42,67],"ensure":[44],"that":[45,95],"any":[46],"fixed":[47],"imposed":[49,78],"initially":[50],"was":[51],"not":[52],"restrictive.":[53],"Characteristics":[54],"learning":[56,84],"machines":[57],"appear":[58],"useful":[59],"for":[60,69,118,124],"type":[62,82],"problern":[64],"because":[65],"they":[66],"potential":[68],"acquiring":[70],"internal":[71],"structure,":[72],"so":[73],"less":[74],"needs":[75],"in":[79],"advance.":[80],"The":[81],"machine":[85],"investigated":[86],"the":[88],"multi-layer":[89],"perceptron":[90],"(MLP).":[91],"It":[92,111],"shown":[94],"may":[97],"train":[98],"such":[99],"system":[101],"perform":[103],"well":[105],"at":[106],"standard":[107,116],"pattern":[108],"recognition":[109],"tasks.":[110],"compared":[113],"against":[114],"technique":[117],"discriminant":[119],"analysis,":[120],"Bayes":[122],"classifier":[123],"normal":[125],"patterns.":[126]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}