{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4299892620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21428/594757db.d07183a4","title":"Efficiency of Algorithmic Policing Tools: a nod to C.N. Parkinson","display_name":"Efficiency of Algorithmic Policing Tools: a nod to C.N. Parkinson","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4299892620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21428/594757db.d07183a4"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21428/594757db.d07183a4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21428/594757db.d07183a4","pdf_url":"https://caiac.pubpub.org/pub/88z04l0t/download/pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Canadian Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://caiac.pubpub.org/pub/88z04l0t/download/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012632904","display_name":"Margaret H. McKay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4450-3048"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192455969","display_name":"York University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fq50484","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159778","display_name":"National Research Council Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04mte1k06","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Margaret H. McKay","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Research Council of Canada, Osgoode Hall Law School of York University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Research Council of Canada, Osgoode Hall Law School of York University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969","https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109947211","display_name":"Ren\u00e9 Richard","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159778","display_name":"National Research Council Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04mte1k06","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rene Richard","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Research Council of Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Research Council of Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012632904"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969","https://openalex.org/I4210159778"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4239,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72592998,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9603000283241272,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9603000283241272,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13851","display_name":"Law, AI, and Intellectual Property","score":0.9567000269889832,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nod","display_name":"Nod","score":0.6336407661437988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parkinsons-disease","display_name":"Parkinson's disease","score":0.5864430665969849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.40339288115501404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.34910961985588074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.3281540274620056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.2354397475719452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-mellitus","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","score":0.09837448596954346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.09028798341751099}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55851684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q518390","display_name":"Nod","level":3,"score":0.6336407661437988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779734285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11085","display_name":"Parkinson's disease","level":3,"score":0.5864430665969849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.40339288115501404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.34910961985588074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3281540274620056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2354397475719452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.09837448596954346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.09028798341751099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21428/594757db.d07183a4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21428/594757db.d07183a4","pdf_url":"https://caiac.pubpub.org/pub/88z04l0t/download/pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Canadian Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.ca:cistinparc:d92c382b-2f16-4de9-9907-71e247b72f84","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/fra/voir/objet/?id=d92c382b-2f16-4de9-9907-71e247b72f84","pdf_url":"https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/ft/?id=d92c382b-2f16-4de9-9907-71e247b72f84","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055245","display_name":"NPARC","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21428/594757db.d07183a4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21428/594757db.d07183a4","pdf_url":"https://caiac.pubpub.org/pub/88z04l0t/download/pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Canadian Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4299892620.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4299892620.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1557889145","https://openalex.org/W1965686636","https://openalex.org/W1987914290","https://openalex.org/W2009036560","https://openalex.org/W2039023757","https://openalex.org/W2059165232","https://openalex.org/W2099419573","https://openalex.org/W2139620430","https://openalex.org/W2163558746","https://openalex.org/W2509791345","https://openalex.org/W2617813818","https://openalex.org/W2726816714","https://openalex.org/W2776617203","https://openalex.org/W2913700606","https://openalex.org/W2953377206","https://openalex.org/W3035653534","https://openalex.org/W3094514495","https://openalex.org/W3153636560","https://openalex.org/W3155016818","https://openalex.org/W3166936608","https://openalex.org/W4248078123","https://openalex.org/W4302566415","https://openalex.org/W6675040714","https://openalex.org/W6740085662"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2410457253","https://openalex.org/W2397208952","https://openalex.org/W11189207","https://openalex.org/W4250101476","https://openalex.org/W2086782307","https://openalex.org/W2095462470","https://openalex.org/W2273171865","https://openalex.org/W629175156"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Jurisdictions":[0],"around":[1],"the":[2,31,58,74,103,106,120,137,156,198,202],"world":[3],"have":[4],"adopted":[5],"algorithmic":[6,116],"policing":[7,69,117],"technologies.":[8],"The":[9],"response":[10],"to":[11,26,45,55,87,94,143,149,161,165,178,196],"concerns":[12],"about":[13],"fairness":[14,48],"and":[15,38,76,108],"privacy":[16],"often":[17],"includes":[18],"a":[19,130,152,187,193],"claim":[20],"that":[21,57,98,115],"these":[22,85,140],"tools":[23,62,72,86,118,141,164],"are":[24,40],"necessary":[25,148],"control":[27],"crime":[28],"without":[29,63],"ballooning":[30],"size":[32],"of":[33,60,79,105,122,133,155],"police":[34,80,90],"departments.":[35],"Thus,":[36],"effectiveness":[37],"payroll":[39],"put":[41],"forward":[42],"as":[43],"factors":[44,203],"balance":[46],"against":[47],"concerns.":[49],"However,":[50],"there":[51],"is":[52,147],"little":[53],"evidence":[54],"suggest":[56],"deployment":[59],"such":[61,163],"significant":[64],"new":[65,126],"hiring":[66,121],"can":[67],"improve":[68],"outcomes.":[70],"AI":[71],"increase":[73],"volume":[75],"flow":[77],"rate":[78],"information.":[81],"In":[82,175],"order":[83],"for":[84],"be":[88,92],"effective,":[89],"must":[91],"able":[93],"keep":[95],"up":[96],"with":[97],"flow,":[99],"while":[100],"also":[101],"ensuring":[102],"integrity":[104],"algorithm":[107],"incoming":[109],"data":[110],"over":[111],"time.":[112],"We":[113],"argue":[114],"require":[119],"additional":[123],"resources.":[124],"These":[125],"resource":[127],"demands":[128],"represent":[129],"digital":[131],"variant":[132],"Parkinson's":[134,190],"Law.":[135],"Given":[136],"documented":[138],"risks":[139],"pose":[142],"some":[144],"populations,":[145],"it":[146],"work":[150],"towards":[151],"mathematical":[153,199],"understanding":[154],"minimum":[157],"incremental":[158],"staffing":[159],"needed":[160],"enable":[162],"operate":[166],"successfully,":[167],"potentially":[168],"providing":[169],"benefits":[170],"greater":[171],"than":[172],"their":[173],"harms.":[174],"an":[176],"effort":[177],"stimulate":[179],"further":[180],"research":[181],"in":[182],"this":[183],"area,":[184],"we":[185],"offer":[186],"preliminary":[188],"\"digital":[189],"law\"":[191],"reflecting":[192],"first":[194],"attempt":[195],"quantify":[197],"relationships":[200],"between":[201],"involved.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}