{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4299808782","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21428/594757db.7e75dcdf","title":"A Modularized Framework for Explaining Black Box Classifiers for Text Data","display_name":"A Modularized Framework for Explaining Black Box Classifiers for Text Data","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4299808782","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21428/594757db.7e75dcdf"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21428/594757db.7e75dcdf","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21428/594757db.7e75dcdf","pdf_url":"https://caiac.pubpub.org/pub/71c292m6/download/pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Canadian Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://caiac.pubpub.org/pub/71c292m6/download/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026026827","display_name":"Mahtab Sarvmaili","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129902397","display_name":"Dalhousie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01e6qks80","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mahtab Sarvmaili","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091251187","display_name":"Riccardo Guidotti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2827-7613"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122991210","display_name":"Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione \"Alessandro Faedo\"","ror":"https://ror.org/05kacka20","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122991210","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Riccardo Guidotti","raw_affiliation_strings":["ISTI-CNR, Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ISTI-CNR, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003777693","display_name":"Anna Monreale","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8541-0284"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122991210","display_name":"Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione \"Alessandro Faedo\"","ror":"https://ror.org/05kacka20","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122991210","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna Monreale","raw_affiliation_strings":["ISTI-CNR, Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ISTI-CNR, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040197161","display_name":"Am\u00edlcar Soares","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5957-3805"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130438778","display_name":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","ror":"https://ror.org/04haebc03","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amilcar Soares","raw_affiliation_strings":["Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100738713","display_name":"Zahra Sadeghi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1360-7499"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129902397","display_name":"Dalhousie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01e6qks80","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zahra Sadeghi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024505700","display_name":"Fosca Giannotti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3099-3835"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122991210","display_name":"Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione \"Alessandro Faedo\"","ror":"https://ror.org/05kacka20","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122991210","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fosca Giannotti","raw_affiliation_strings":["ISTI-CNR, Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ISTI-CNR, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044898565","display_name":"Dino Pedreschi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4801-3225"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122991210","display_name":"Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione \"Alessandro Faedo\"","ror":"https://ror.org/05kacka20","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122991210","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dino Pedreschi","raw_affiliation_strings":["ISTI-CNR, Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ISTI-CNR, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042893723","display_name":"Stan Matwin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6629-8434"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129902397","display_name":"Dalhousie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01e6qks80","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99542240","display_name":"Polish Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01dr6c206","country_code":"PL","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99542240"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087266","display_name":"Institute of Computer Science","ror":"https://ror.org/003fvp964","country_code":"PL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087266","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]}],"countries":["CA","PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stan Matwin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada","Institute of Computer Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99542240","https://openalex.org/I4210087266"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026026827"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1487,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.40476993,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12205","display_name":"Time Series Analysis and Forecasting","score":0.9549999833106995,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12205","display_name":"Time Series Analysis and Forecasting","score":0.9549999833106995,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9269999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13083","display_name":"Advanced Text Analysis Techniques","score":0.9175000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-box","display_name":"Black box","score":0.7067526578903198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.551389753818512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.42242950201034546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3981701135635376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3613163232803345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.3414909243583679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.321338951587677}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94966114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29256","display_name":"Black box","level":2,"score":0.7067526578903198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.551389753818512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.42242950201034546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3981701135635376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3613163232803345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3414909243583679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.321338951587677}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21428/594757db.7e75dcdf","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21428/594757db.7e75dcdf","pdf_url":"https://caiac.pubpub.org/pub/71c292m6/download/pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Canadian Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21428/594757db.7e75dcdf","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21428/594757db.7e75dcdf","pdf_url":"https://caiac.pubpub.org/pub/71c292m6/download/pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Canadian Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4299808782.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4299808782.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1509982784","https://openalex.org/W1583667580","https://openalex.org/W1832693441","https://openalex.org/W1881647329","https://openalex.org/W1971916086","https://openalex.org/W2001465333","https://openalex.org/W2038721957","https://openalex.org/W2099813784","https://openalex.org/W2113459411","https://openalex.org/W2250966211","https://openalex.org/W2294501066","https://openalex.org/W2516809705","https://openalex.org/W2594475271","https://openalex.org/W2618851150","https://openalex.org/W2670253439","https://openalex.org/W2808896609","https://openalex.org/W2886071309","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2909474463","https://openalex.org/W2950794540","https://openalex.org/W2962772482","https://openalex.org/W2962862931","https://openalex.org/W2962863107","https://openalex.org/W2963095307","https://openalex.org/W2963859254","https://openalex.org/W2966218717","https://openalex.org/W2967547775","https://openalex.org/W2979949198","https://openalex.org/W2994120362","https://openalex.org/W2994928925","https://openalex.org/W2999183294","https://openalex.org/W3004490733","https://openalex.org/W3006381853","https://openalex.org/W3013021254","https://openalex.org/W3029534136","https://openalex.org/W3089186460","https://openalex.org/W3098649723","https://openalex.org/W3101155149","https://openalex.org/W3130450512","https://openalex.org/W3132440694","https://openalex.org/W3176159406","https://openalex.org/W4292779060","https://openalex.org/W4302023997","https://openalex.org/W6676984168","https://openalex.org/W6695661434","https://openalex.org/W6748883668","https://openalex.org/W6778883912"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2357241418","https://openalex.org/W2789919619","https://openalex.org/W2086064646","https://openalex.org/W2119135658","https://openalex.org/W2115485936","https://openalex.org/W2293457016","https://openalex.org/W3022131925","https://openalex.org/W3169305685","https://openalex.org/W2792377126","https://openalex.org/W2349174110"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,28,111],"cumbersome":[1],"amount":[2],"of":[3,19,47,67,96,119,157,169,198],"textual":[4],"data":[5],"produced":[6],"in":[7,11,53,108],"social":[8],"media":[9],"and":[10,130,187,193,201],"the":[12,17,45,58,62,65,70,94,120,145,152,158,175,196],"new":[13,112],"digital":[14],"life":[15],"makes":[16],"usage":[18],"automatic":[20],"decision":[21,50,95,141],"systems":[22],"necessary":[23],"for":[24,64,87],"acting":[25],"on":[26,100,190],"text.":[27],"most":[29],"widely":[30],"adopted":[31],"natural":[32],"language":[33],"processing":[34],"approaches":[35],"guarantee":[36],"high":[37],"accuracy":[38],"but":[39],"are":[40,114,136],"black-box":[41,74],"systems,":[42],"that":[43,143,202],"hide":[44],"logic":[46],"their":[48,125],"internal":[49],"processes.":[51],"Since":[52],"various":[54,191],"applications":[55],"there":[56],"is":[57,76],"need":[59],"to":[60,72,138,147,182],"unveil":[61],"reasons":[63],"classification":[66,153],"different":[68],"texts,":[69],"urge":[71],"explain":[73,173],"behaviour":[75],"growing":[77],"among":[78],"scientists.":[79],"Thus,":[80],"we":[81],"propose":[82],"a":[83,97,101,140,167,179,183],"local":[84],"model-agnostic":[85],"method":[86,92],"interpreting":[88],"text":[89,98],"classifiers.":[90],"Our":[91],"explains":[93],"classifier":[99],"given":[102,184],"document":[103,121],"by":[104,116,162],"generating":[105],"similar":[106],"samples":[107,113],"its":[109,203],"vicinity.":[110],"generated":[115,161],"replacing":[117],"words":[118,150,170],"under":[122],"analysis":[123],"with":[124,166],"synonyms,":[126],"antonyms,":[127],"hyponyms,":[128],"hypernyms,":[129],"definitions.":[131],"Finally,":[132],"these":[133],"synthetic":[134,159],"texts":[135],"used":[137],"train":[139],"tree":[142],"enables":[144],"user":[146],"identify":[148],"important":[149],"explaining":[151],"outcome.":[154],"An":[155],"inspection":[156],"documents":[160],"our":[163,199],"proposal":[164,200],"together":[165],"set":[168],"appropriately":[171],"highlighted":[172],"why":[174],"black":[176],"box":[177],"assigns":[178],"certain":[180],"label":[181],"document.":[185],"Deep":[186],"wide":[188],"experimentation":[189],"datasets":[192],"classifiers":[194],"shows":[195],"effectiveness":[197],"performance":[204],"overcomes":[205],"state-of-the-art":[206],"methods.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}