{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3117953982","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.coling-main.332","title":"An analysis of language models for metaphor recognition","display_name":"An analysis of language models for metaphor recognition","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3117953982","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.coling-main.332","mag":"3117953982"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2020.coling-main.332","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.coling-main.332","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.coling-main.332.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.coling-main.332.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049674617","display_name":"Arthur Neidlein","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802799214","display_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","ror":"https://ror.org/019sw1443","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802799214"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223822909","display_name":"Heidelberg University","ror":"https://ror.org/038t36y30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]}],"countries":["DE","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Arthur Neidlein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computational Linguistics Heidelberg University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computational Linguistics Heidelberg University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223822909","https://openalex.org/I2802799214"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080592945","display_name":"Philip Wiesenbach","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802799214","display_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","ror":"https://ror.org/019sw1443","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802799214"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223822909","display_name":"Heidelberg University","ror":"https://ror.org/038t36y30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]}],"countries":["DE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philip Wiesenbach","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computational Linguistics Heidelberg University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computational Linguistics Heidelberg University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223822909","https://openalex.org/I2802799214"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082971401","display_name":"Katja Markert","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802799214","display_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","ror":"https://ror.org/019sw1443","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802799214"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223822909","display_name":"Heidelberg University","ror":"https://ror.org/038t36y30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]}],"countries":["DE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katja Markert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computational Linguistics Heidelberg University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computational Linguistics Heidelberg University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223822909","https://openalex.org/I2802799214"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049674617"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223822909","https://openalex.org/I2802799214"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3667,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82340946,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3722","last_page":"3736"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11148","display_name":"Language, Metaphor, and Cognition","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11148","display_name":"Language, Metaphor, and Cognition","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9835000038146973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metaphor","display_name":"Metaphor","score":0.7949963212013245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7365888357162476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5993468165397644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.41821905970573425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4145282506942749}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778311575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18534","display_name":"Metaphor","level":2,"score":0.7949963212013245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7365888357162476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5993468165397644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.41821905970573425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4145282506942749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2020.coling-main.332","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.coling-main.332","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.coling-main.332.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2020.coling-main.332","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.coling-main.332","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.coling-main.332.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8500000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3117953982.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3117953982.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W56200336","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1561412240","https://openalex.org/W1614298861","https://openalex.org/W1949881471","https://openalex.org/W2107482851","https://openalex.org/W2115340919","https://openalex.org/W2126530744","https://openalex.org/W2181830759","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2252218513","https://openalex.org/W2252273035","https://openalex.org/W2293155194","https://openalex.org/W2470413457","https://openalex.org/W2515845560","https://openalex.org/W2515860461","https://openalex.org/W2560778841","https://openalex.org/W2739510089","https://openalex.org/W2739977789","https://openalex.org/W2773022604","https://openalex.org/W2787894787","https://openalex.org/W2798651446","https://openalex.org/W2806273110","https://openalex.org/W2890545641","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2947509090","https://openalex.org/W2949442961","https://openalex.org/W2962739339","https://openalex.org/W2962748048","https://openalex.org/W2963272610","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2965373594","https://openalex.org/W2971350424","https://openalex.org/W2988982968","https://openalex.org/W3045533700","https://openalex.org/W3045699325","https://openalex.org/W3046209160","https://openalex.org/W4232967690","https://openalex.org/W4238760794","https://openalex.org/W4388152766"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3216527991","https://openalex.org/W2386020119","https://openalex.org/W3194406000","https://openalex.org/W2360545722","https://openalex.org/W2611614995","https://openalex.org/W2561357847","https://openalex.org/W2368651715","https://openalex.org/W2789919619","https://openalex.org/W1552159754","https://openalex.org/W3107474891"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,18],"conduct":[1],"a":[2,31,60,89],"linguistic":[3,32],"analysis":[4],"of":[5,11,63,73,82,86,101,109],"recent":[6],"metaphor":[7],"recognition":[8],"systems,":[9],"all":[10],"which":[12],"are":[13],"based":[14],"on":[15,39,43],"language":[16],"models.":[17],"show":[19,94],"that":[20,59],"their":[21],"performance,":[22],"although":[23],"reaching":[24],"high":[25],"F-scores,":[26],"has":[27],"considerable":[28],"gaps":[29],"from":[30],"perspective.":[33],"First,":[34],"they":[35,47],"perform":[36],"substantially":[37],"worse":[38],"unconventional":[40],"metaphors":[41],"than":[42],"conventional":[44],"ones.":[45],"Second,":[46],"struggle":[48],"with":[49],"handling":[50],"rarer":[51],"word":[52,76,121],"types.":[53],"These":[54],"two":[55],"findings":[56],"together":[57],"suggest":[58],"large":[61],"part":[62],"the":[64,71,92],"systems'":[65],"success":[66],"is":[67],"due":[68],"to":[69,97,117],"optimising":[70],"disambiguation":[72],"conventionalised,":[74],"metaphoric":[75,99],"senses":[77],"for":[78],"specific":[79],"words":[80,103,111],"instead":[81],"modelling":[83],"general":[84],"properties":[85],"metaphors.":[87],"As":[88],"positive":[90],"result,":[91],"systems":[93],"increasing":[95],"capabilities":[96],"recognise":[98],"readings":[100],"unseen":[102],"if":[104],"synonyms":[105],"or":[106],"morphological":[107],"variations":[108],"these":[110],"have":[112],"been":[113],"seen":[114],"before,":[115],"leading":[116],"enhanced":[118],"generalisation":[119],"beyond":[120],"sense":[122],"disambiguation.":[123]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
