{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3024934151","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.159","title":"Inflecting When There\u2019s No Majority: Limitations of Encoder-Decoder Neural Networks as Cognitive Models for German Plurals","display_name":"Inflecting When There\u2019s No Majority: Limitations of Encoder-Decoder Neural Networks as Cognitive Models for German Plurals","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3024934151","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.159","mag":"3024934151"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.159","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.159","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.159","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.acl-main.159.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608652","display_name":"Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.acl-main.159.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Kate McCurdy","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kate McCurdy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Language , Cognition and Computation School of Informatics University of Edinburgh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Language , Cognition and Computation School of Informatics University of Edinburgh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Sharon Goldwater","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sharon Goldwater","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Language , Cognition and Computation School of Informatics University of Edinburgh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Language , Cognition and Computation School of Informatics University of Edinburgh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Adam Lopez","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adam Lopez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Language , Cognition and Computation School of Informatics University of Edinburgh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Language , Cognition and Computation School of Informatics University of Edinburgh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.5597,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98508889,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1745","last_page":"1756"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10034","display_name":"Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation","score":0.5210000276565552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10034","display_name":"Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation","score":0.5210000276565552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.20630000531673431,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10730","display_name":"Language Development and Disorders","score":0.0851999968290329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inflectional-morphology","display_name":"inflectional morphology","score":0.6660000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder-decoder-architecture","display_name":"encoder-decoder architecture","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/morphological-variation","display_name":"morphological variation","score":0.4560000002384186}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779835924","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146786","display_name":"Plural","level":2,"score":0.8628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154775046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188","display_name":"German","level":2,"score":0.7214999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5489000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5278000235557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5274999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5120000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.4731999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.4165000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4108000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.38760000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.382999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8521452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203790","display_name":"Connectionism","level":3,"score":0.31189998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165297611","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43249","display_name":"Morpheme","level":2,"score":0.2913999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87868495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750843","display_name":"Information processing","level":2,"score":0.289000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.2777000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.2651999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89267518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179488","display_name":"Psycholinguistics","level":3,"score":0.26100000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781181686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4226068","display_name":"Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy)","level":2,"score":0.2572999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161407221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4382939","display_name":"Cognitive model","level":3,"score":0.251800000667572}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.159","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.159","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.159","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.acl-main.159.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608652","display_name":"Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2005.08826","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2005.08826","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2005.08826","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.ed.ac.uk:openaire/3602db79-fe62-4bc9-85ad-1c2906953800","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/3602db79-fe62-4bc9-85ad-1c2906953800","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400321","display_name":"Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","host_organization_name":"University of Edinburgh","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"McCurdy, K, Goldwater, S & Lopez, A 2020, Inflecting when there\u2019s no majority: Limitations of encoder-decoder neural networks as cognitive models for German plurals. in Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics 2020. pp. 1745\u20131756, 2020 Annual Conference of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Virtual conference, Washington, United States, 5/07/20. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.159","raw_type":"contributionToPeriodical"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2005.08826","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2005.08826","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2005.08826","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.159","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.159","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.159","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.acl-main.159.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608652","display_name":"Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4437068315","display_name":"EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Data Science","funder_award_id":"EP/L016427/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320332","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3024934151.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3024934151.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Can":[0],"artificial":[1],"neural":[2,64,175],"networks":[3],"learn":[4,31,67],"to":[5,11,47,68,121,127],"represent":[6],"inflectional":[7],"morphology":[8],"and":[9,18,110,136],"generalize":[10,151],"new":[12,104],"words":[13],"as":[14,39],"human":[15],"speakers":[16,108],"do?Kirov":[17],"Cotterell":[19],"(2018)":[20],"argue":[21],"that":[22,63,118,173],"the":[23,41,55,71,74,128,152],"answer":[24],"is":[25,119],"yes:":[26],"modern":[27,174],"Encoder-Decoder":[28],"(ED)":[29],"architectures":[30],"human-like":[32,162],"behavior":[33],"when":[34],"inflecting":[35],"English":[36],"verbs,":[37],"such":[38],"extending":[40],"regular":[42],"past":[43],"tense":[44],"form":[45],"/-(e)d/":[46],"novel":[48,116],"words.However,":[49],"their":[50],"work":[51],"does":[52],"not":[53,70,160],"address":[54],"criticism":[56],"raised":[57],"by":[58],"Marcus":[59],"et":[60],"al.":[61],"(1995):":[62],"models":[65,149,176],"may":[66,177],"extend":[69],"regular,":[72],"but":[73,158],"most":[75,153],"frequent":[76],"class":[77],"-and":[78],"thus":[79],"fail":[80],"on":[81],"tasks":[82],"like":[83,90],"German":[84,107],"number":[85],"inflection,":[86],"where":[87],"infrequent":[88],"suffixes":[89,138],"/-s/":[91],"can":[92],"still":[93,178],"be":[94],"productively":[95],"generalized.To":[96],"investigate":[97],"this":[98],"question,":[99],"we":[100],"first":[101],"collect":[102],"a":[103],"dataset":[105],"from":[106],"(production":[109],"ratings":[111],"of":[112,124,167],"plural":[113,156,170],"forms":[114],"for":[115],"nouns)":[117],"designed":[120],"avoid":[122],"sources":[123],"information":[125],"unavailable":[126],"ED":[129],"model.The":[130],"speaker":[131],"data":[132],"show":[133,161],"high":[134],"variability,":[135],"two":[137],"evince":[139],"'regular'":[140,165],"behavior,":[141],"appearing":[142],"more":[143],"often":[144],"with":[145,180],"phonologically":[146],"atypical":[147],"inputs.Encoder-decoder":[148],"do":[150,159],"frequently":[154],"produced":[155],"class,":[157],"variability":[163],"or":[164],"extension":[166],"these":[168],"other":[169],"markers.We":[171],"conclude":[172],"struggle":[179],"minority-class":[181],"generalization.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-05T09:50:58.205359","created_date":"2020-05-21T00:00:00"}
