{"id":"https://openalex.org/W196336917","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w96-0506","title":"PICARD: The Next Generator","display_name":"PICARD: The Next Generator","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W196336917","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w96-0506","mag":"196336917"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/w96-0506","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w96-0506","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/W96-0506.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Eighth International Natural Language Generation Workshop (Posters and Demonstrations)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://aclanthology.org/W96-0506.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059557608","display_name":"Stephen Beale","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10052268","display_name":"New Mexico State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hpz7z43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10052268"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stephen Beale","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computing Research Laboratory Box 30001 New Mexico State University Las Cruces , New Mexico 88003"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computing Research Laboratory Box 30001 New Mexico State University Las Cruces , New Mexico 88003","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10052268"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056956875","display_name":"Sergei Nirenburg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4800-7143"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10052268","display_name":"New Mexico State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hpz7z43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10052268"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sergei Nirenburg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computing Research Laboratory Box 30001 New Mexico State University Las Cruces , New Mexico 88003"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computing Research Laboratory Box 30001 New Mexico State University Las Cruces , New Mexico 88003","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10052268"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059557608"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10052268"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7361,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85255042,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14483","display_name":"Education and Teacher Training","score":0.3395000100135803,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14483","display_name":"Education and Teacher Training","score":0.3395000100135803,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12413","display_name":"Health and Medical Education","score":0.3224000036716461,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generator","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","score":0.5729503035545349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5248748660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.132524311542511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.09672120213508606}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780992000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17016113","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","level":3,"score":0.5729503035545349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5248748660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.132524311542511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.09672120213508606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/w96-0506","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w96-0506","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/W96-0506.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Eighth International Natural Language Generation Workshop (Posters and Demonstrations)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.393.4013","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.393.4013","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://aclweb.org/anthology/W/W96/W96-0506.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.49.6547","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.49.6547","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://clr.nmsu.edu/users/sb/papers/inlg96-poster/inlg96-poster.ps","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:196336917","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W96-0506.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306420585","display_name":"Natural Language Generation","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":"Natural Language Generation","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/w96-0506","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w96-0506","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/W96-0506.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Eighth International Natural Language Generation Workshop (Posters and Demonstrations)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306078","display_name":"U.S. Department of Defense","ror":"https://ror.org/0447fe631"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W196336917.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W196336917.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4958464","https://openalex.org/W2072755230","https://openalex.org/W2162720309"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"1":[2],"introduces":[3],"a":[4,86,121,127,147,172],"new":[5],"line":[6],"of":[7,21,62,123,215],"research":[8],"which":[9],"ensures":[10],"soundness":[11],"and":[12,43,98,162,177,187,205],"completeness":[13],"in":[14,101,134,171],"Natural":[15],"Language":[16],"text":[17,63,100],"planners":[18],"on":[19,28],"top":[20],"an":[22],"efficient":[23],"control":[24],"strategy.The":[25],"work":[26],"builds":[27],"the":[29,60,82,102,124,150,153,179,212,216],"HUNTER-GATItERER":[30],"analysis":[31],"system":[32,38,129],"(Beale.96;":[33],"Beale":[34],"&":[35],"Nirenburg,":[36],"96).That":[37],"employs":[39],"constraint":[40,88],"satisfaction,":[41],"branch-and-bound":[42],"solution":[44],"synthesis":[45],"techniques":[46,195,201],"to":[47,80,95,165],"produce":[48],"near":[49],"linear-time":[50],"processing":[51],"for":[52,59,191],"knowledge-based":[53],"semantic":[54,169,180,189],"analysis.PICARD":[55],"enables":[56],"similar":[57],"results":[58],"field":[61],"planning":[64,69],"by":[65,74],"recasting":[66],"localized":[67],"means-end":[68],"instances":[70],"into":[71],"abstractions":[72],"connected":[73],"usage":[75],"constraints":[76],"that":[77,157],"allow":[78,202],"HUNTER-GATHERER":[79,107],"process":[81,132],"global":[83],"problem":[84,199],"as":[85],"simple":[87],"satisfaction":[89,198],"problem.PICARD":[90],"is":[91],"currently":[92],"being":[93],"used":[94],"plan":[96],"Enghsh":[97],"Spanish":[99],"Mikrokosmos":[103],"Machine":[104],"Translation":[105],"Project.":[106],"OverviewImplied":[108],"information,":[109],"background":[110],"knowledge,":[111],"ellipsis,":[112],"coreference,":[113],"figurative":[114],"speech,":[115],"lexical":[116,185],"ambiguity;":[117],"these":[118],"are":[119,196],"just":[120,164],"few":[122],"immense":[125],"challenges":[126],"computationM-semantic":[128],"faces.Nevertheless,":[130],"humans":[131],"language":[133],"real":[135],"time":[136],"every":[137],"day":[138],"with":[139,167],"very":[140],"little":[141],"apparent":[142],"misunderstanding.How":[143],"can":[144,158],"we":[145],"make":[146],"computer":[148],"do":[149],"same?By":[151],"constraining":[152],"problem.With":[154],"search":[155,194,207],"spaces":[156],"reach":[159],"10":[160],"TM":[161],"more":[163],"deal":[166],"basic":[168],"dependencies":[170],"sentence":[173],"(disambiguating":[174],"word":[175],"senses":[176],"determining":[178],"connections":[181,190],"between":[182],"them":[183],"-or":[184],"choice":[186],"implementing":[188],"generation),":[192],"exhaustive":[193],"untenable.Constraint":[197],"(CSP)":[200],"early":[203],"disambiguation":[204],"drastic":[206],"space":[208],"reduction,":[209],"while":[210],"maintaining":[211],"integrity":[213],"(soundness)":[214],"solutions":[217],"found.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
