{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2972610780","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w19-4711","title":"Identifying Temporal Trends Based on Perplexity and Clustering: Are We Looking at Language Change?","display_name":"Identifying Temporal Trends Based on Perplexity and Clustering: Are We Looking at Language Change?","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2972610780","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w19-4711","mag":"2972610780"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/w19-4711","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w19-4711","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Computational Approaches to Historical Language Change","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w19-4711","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083166820","display_name":"Sidsel Boldsen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094883","display_name":"Language Technology Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/00qkqnk52","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094883"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124055696","display_name":"University of Copenhagen","ror":"https://ror.org/035b05819","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"]}],"countries":["DK","GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sidsel Boldsen","raw_affiliation_strings":[") Centre for Language Technology","University of Copenhagen ("],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":") Centre for Language Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094883"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Copenhagen (","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062542123","display_name":"Manex Agirrezabal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5909-2745"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124055696","display_name":"University of Copenhagen","ror":"https://ror.org/035b05819","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094883","display_name":"Language Technology Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/00qkqnk52","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094883"]}],"countries":["DK","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manex Agirrezabal","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Copenhagen (",") Centre for Language Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Copenhagen (","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":") Centre for Language Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094883"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076418251","display_name":"Patrizia Paggio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2484-2275"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124055696","display_name":"University of Copenhagen","ror":"https://ror.org/035b05819","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094883","display_name":"Language Technology Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/00qkqnk52","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094883"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197854408","display_name":"University of Malta","ror":"https://ror.org/03a62bv60","country_code":"MT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197854408"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121707","display_name":"Institute of Linguistics","ror":"https://ror.org/02mrea437","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114218197","https://openalex.org/I4210121707"]}],"countries":["CN","DK","GB","MT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrizia Paggio","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Copenhagen (",") Institute of Linguistics and Language Technology","University of Malta",") Centre for Language Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Copenhagen (","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":") Institute of Linguistics and Language Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121707"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Malta","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197854408"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":") Centre for Language Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094883"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083166820"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124055696","https://openalex.org/I4210094883"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2886,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67017151,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"86","last_page":"91"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9894000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12380","display_name":"Authorship Attribution and Profiling","score":0.9886999726295471,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perplexity","display_name":"Perplexity","score":0.9785617589950562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7491750717163086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.7004357576370239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temporal-database","display_name":"Temporal database","score":0.6373467445373535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5409241318702698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.5361952781677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4775465428829193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4573892652988434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.4293777346611023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.21964186429977417}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100279451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q372193","display_name":"Perplexity","level":3,"score":0.9785617589950562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7491750717163086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.7004357576370239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77277458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1969246","display_name":"Temporal database","level":2,"score":0.6373467445373535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5409241318702698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.5361952781677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4775465428829193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4573892652988434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.4293777346611023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.21964186429977417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/w19-4711","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w19-4711","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Computational Approaches to Historical Language Change","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.um.edu.mt:123456789/103818","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/103818","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400782","display_name":"OAR@UM (University of Malta)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I197854408","host_organization_name":"University of Malta","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197854408"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/da078705-75eb-49f8-ad80-096107398228","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://curis.ku.dk/portal/da/publications/identifying-temporal-trends-based-on-perplexity-and-clustering-are-we-looking-at-language-change(da078705-75eb-49f8-ad80-096107398228).html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401983","display_name":"Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I124055696","host_organization_name":"University of Copenhagen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/da078705-75eb-49f8-ad80-096107398228","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://researchprofiles.ku.dk/da/publications/da078705-75eb-49f8-ad80-096107398228","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401983","display_name":"Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I124055696","host_organization_name":"University of Copenhagen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Boldsen , S , Aguirrezabal Zabaleta , M & Paggio , P 2019 , Identifying Temporal Trends Based on Perplexity and Clustering: Are We Looking at Language Change? in Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Computational Approaches to Historical Language Change . Association for Computational Linguistics , pp. 86-91 , Computational Approaches to Historical Language Change 2019 , Florence , Italy , 02/08/2019 . https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/W19-4711","raw_type":"contributionToPeriodical"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/w19-4711","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w19-4711","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Computational Approaches to Historical Language Change","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7900000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W294466356","https://openalex.org/W1506806321","https://openalex.org/W1611443333","https://openalex.org/W1631260214","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2105286768","https://openalex.org/W2107838533","https://openalex.org/W2110485445","https://openalex.org/W2113747815","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2527844536","https://openalex.org/W2733060938","https://openalex.org/W2740917210","https://openalex.org/W2785973019","https://openalex.org/W2915018903","https://openalex.org/W2947645175","https://openalex.org/W4254816979","https://openalex.org/W4293534508"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2169518243","https://openalex.org/W2252095989","https://openalex.org/W4322096525","https://openalex.org/W2551914602","https://openalex.org/W4281893144","https://openalex.org/W4287323699","https://openalex.org/W2105076537","https://openalex.org/W2084531783","https://openalex.org/W2902731467","https://openalex.org/W2787311093"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"work":[2],"we":[3],"propose":[4],"a":[5,13,26,90,108],"data-driven":[6],"methodology":[7],"for":[8],"identifying":[9],"temporal":[10,50,82,95],"trends":[11,96],"in":[12,65,67,107],"corpus":[14],"of":[15,49,62,84,94],"medieval":[16],"charters.":[17],"We":[18,38,78],"have":[19],"used":[20,106],"perplexities":[21,41],"derived":[22],"from":[23],"RNNs":[24],"as":[25],"distance":[27],"measure":[28],"between":[29],"documents":[30],"and":[31],"then,":[32],"performed":[33],"clustering":[34],"on":[35],"those":[36],"distances.":[37],"argue":[39],"that":[40,80],"calculated":[42],"by":[43],"such":[44],"language":[45,66,76],"models":[46],"are":[47],"representative":[48],"trends.":[51],"The":[52],"clusters":[53,87],"produced":[54],"using":[55],"the":[56,63,81,85],"KMeans":[57],"algorithm":[58],"give":[59],"an":[60],"insight":[61],"differences":[64],"different":[68],"time":[69],"periods":[70],"at":[71],"least":[72],"partly":[73],"due":[74],"to":[75,98],"change.":[77],"suggest":[79],"distribution":[83],"individual":[86],"might":[88],"provide":[89],"more":[91],"nuanced":[92],"picture":[93],"compared":[97],"discrete":[99],"bins,":[100],"thus":[101],"providing":[102],"better":[103],"results":[104],"when":[105],"classification":[109],"task.":[110]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}