{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2971194149","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w19-4441","title":"Content Modeling for Automated Oral Proficiency Scoring System","display_name":"Content Modeling for Automated Oral Proficiency Scoring System","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2971194149","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w19-4441","mag":"2971194149"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/w19-4441","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w19-4441","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4441.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4441.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008718449","display_name":"Su\u2010Youn Yoon","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341030882","display_name":"Educational Testing Service","ror":"https://ror.org/03b5q4637","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341030882"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Su-Youn Yoon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Educational Testing Service / 660 Rosedale road, Princeton, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Educational Testing Service / 660 Rosedale road, Princeton, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341030882"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035943104","display_name":"Chongmin Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4580-6748"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341030882","display_name":"Educational Testing Service","ror":"https://ror.org/03b5q4637","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341030882"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chong Min Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Educational Testing Service / 660 Rosedale road, Princeton, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Educational Testing Service / 660 Rosedale road, Princeton, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341030882"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008718449"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341030882"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"394","last_page":"401"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7253183126449585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6549244523048401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.594460666179657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5459293127059937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5174279808998108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4204978048801422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.13050144910812378}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7253183126449585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6549244523048401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.594460666179657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5459293127059937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5174279808998108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4204978048801422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.13050144910812378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/w19-4441","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w19-4441","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4441.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/w19-4441","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w19-4441","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4441.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5699999928474426,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2971194149.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2971194149.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W36556894","https://openalex.org/W1524333225","https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W1979364015","https://openalex.org/W1988687075","https://openalex.org/W2047867333","https://openalex.org/W2107677906","https://openalex.org/W2113207845","https://openalex.org/W2144477340","https://openalex.org/W2153579005","https://openalex.org/W2161988551","https://openalex.org/W2170738476","https://openalex.org/W2211192759","https://openalex.org/W2250705520","https://openalex.org/W2395066838","https://openalex.org/W2488851944","https://openalex.org/W2508865106","https://openalex.org/W2564237127","https://openalex.org/W2745912937","https://openalex.org/W2798061410","https://openalex.org/W2803039862","https://openalex.org/W2912981563","https://openalex.org/W2951359136","https://openalex.org/W2963599398","https://openalex.org/W2978174475","https://openalex.org/W3098654368","https://openalex.org/W4294170691"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,135],"developed":[1],"an":[2],"automated":[3,109],"oral":[4],"proficiency":[5,19],"scoring":[6,110],"system":[7],"for":[8,127],"non-native":[9],"English":[10],"speakers'":[11],"spontaneous":[12],"speech.":[13],"Automated":[14],"systems":[15],"that":[16],"score":[17,125,141,157],"holistic":[18],"are":[20],"expected":[21],"to":[22,42,58,84,105],"assess":[23,43],"a":[24,51,70,113],"wide":[25],"range":[26],"of":[27,35,46,101,139],"performance":[28,38],"categories,":[29],"and":[30,69,78,90,150],"the":[31,36,44,47,60,95,106,120,137,145,156],"content":[32,97,133],"is":[33],"one":[34],"core":[37],"categories.":[39],"In":[40],"order":[41],"quality":[45],"content,":[48],"we":[49],"trained":[50],"Siamese":[52,79,102],"convolutional":[53],"neural":[54],"network":[55],"(Siamese":[56],"CNN)":[57],"model":[59,111,122],"semantic":[61],"relationship":[62],"between":[63,75],"key":[64],"points":[65],"generated":[66],"by":[67,143],"experts":[68],"test":[71],"response.":[72],"The":[73,99],"correlation":[74],"human":[76],"scores":[77,81],"CNN":[80],"was":[82,92],"comparable":[83],"human-human":[85],"agreement":[86],"(r":[87],"=":[88],"0.63),":[89],"it":[91],"higher":[93],"than":[94],"baseline":[96],"features.":[98],"inclusion":[100],"CNN-based":[103],"feature":[104],"existing":[107],"state-of-the-art":[108],"achieved":[112],"small":[114],"but":[115],"statistically":[116],"significant":[117],"improvement.":[118],"However,":[119],"new":[121],"suffered":[123],"from":[124],"inflation":[126,142],"long":[128],"atypical":[129],"responses":[130],"with":[131,147,155],"serious":[132],"issues.":[134],"investigated":[136],"reasons":[138],"this":[140],"analyzing":[144],"associations":[146],"linguistic":[148],"features":[149],"identifying":[151],"areas":[152],"strongly":[153],"associated":[154],"errors.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}