{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2962814079","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w18-5712","title":"Why are Sequence-to-Sequence Models So Dull? Understanding the Low-Diversity Problem of Chatbots","display_name":"Why are Sequence-to-Sequence Models So Dull? Understanding the Low-Diversity Problem of Chatbots","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2962814079","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w18-5712","mag":"2962814079"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/w18-5712","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w18-5712","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5712.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2018 EMNLP Workshop SCAI: The 2nd International Workshop on Search-Oriented Conversational AI","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5712.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077774708","display_name":"Shaojie Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5135-3912"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","display_name":"University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/04dkp9463","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shaojie Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031439294","display_name":"Maarten de Rijke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1086-0202"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","display_name":"University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/04dkp9463","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maarten de Rijke","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077774708"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.0617,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95133658,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"81","last_page":"86"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diversity","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","score":0.8294018507003784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","score":0.7520893812179565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6595526933670044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimension","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","score":0.5322418212890625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sketch","display_name":"Sketch","score":0.5228319764137268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoothing","display_name":"Smoothing","score":0.46776053309440613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.42846015095710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.33839839696884155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.17307016253471375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14253711700439453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.07969808578491211}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","level":2,"score":0.8294018507003784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.7520893812179565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6595526933670044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.5322418212890625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779231336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7534724","display_name":"Sketch","level":2,"score":0.5228319764137268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3770464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775963","display_name":"Smoothing","level":2,"score":0.46776053309440613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42846015095710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.33839839696884155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.17307016253471375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14253711700439453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.07969808578491211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/w18-5712","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w18-5712","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5712.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2018 EMNLP Workshop SCAI: The 2nd International Workshop on Search-Oriented Conversational AI","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/w18-5712","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w18-5712","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5712.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2018 EMNLP Workshop SCAI: The 2nd International Workshop on Search-Oriented Conversational AI","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8589651859","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","funder_display_name":"China Scholarship Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2962814079.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2962814079.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1518951372","https://openalex.org/W1591706642","https://openalex.org/W1821462560","https://openalex.org/W1869752048","https://openalex.org/W1895577753","https://openalex.org/W2099471712","https://openalex.org/W2130942839","https://openalex.org/W2133564696","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2525778437","https://openalex.org/W2554314924","https://openalex.org/W2557436004","https://openalex.org/W2577366047","https://openalex.org/W2581377246","https://openalex.org/W2581637843","https://openalex.org/W2734443755","https://openalex.org/W2771740485","https://openalex.org/W2807880213","https://openalex.org/W2949555952","https://openalex.org/W2962717182","https://openalex.org/W2962883855","https://openalex.org/W2962974452","https://openalex.org/W2963069010","https://openalex.org/W2963206148","https://openalex.org/W2963373786","https://openalex.org/W2963403868","https://openalex.org/W2963546833","https://openalex.org/W2963790827","https://openalex.org/W2963929190","https://openalex.org/W2964308564","https://openalex.org/W3022187094","https://openalex.org/W4293320219","https://openalex.org/W4297798436","https://openalex.org/W4320013936","https://openalex.org/W4385245566"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2378994405","https://openalex.org/W2385974820","https://openalex.org/W2373478030","https://openalex.org/W2378679551","https://openalex.org/W3149739944","https://openalex.org/W2392363776","https://openalex.org/W2063051341","https://openalex.org/W2591066345","https://openalex.org/W1494563618","https://openalex.org/W2357022711"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Diversity":[0],"is":[1],"a":[2,25,92],"long-studied":[3],"topic":[4],"in":[5],"information":[6],"retrieval":[7],"that":[8,14,45,97],"usually":[9],"refers":[10],"to":[11,42,56,71,85],"the":[12,117],"requirement":[13],"retrieved":[15],"results":[16],"should":[17,39],"be":[18,40,57],"non-repetitive":[19],"and":[20,48,82,123],"cover":[21],"different":[22],"aspects.":[23],"In":[24,75],"conversational":[26],"setting,":[27],"an":[28,34],"additional":[29],"dimension":[30],"of":[31,94],"diversity":[32,96],"matters:":[33],"engaging":[35],"response":[36,61],"generation":[37],"system":[38],"able":[41],"output":[43],"responses":[44,65],"are":[46],"diverse":[47],"interesting.":[49],"Sequence-to-sequence":[50],"(Seq2Seq)":[51],"models":[52,69],"have":[53,72],"been":[54,99],"shown":[55],"very":[58],"effective":[59],"for":[60,111],"generation.":[62],"However,":[63],"dialogue":[64],"generated":[66],"by":[67],"Seq2Seq":[68],"tend":[70],"low":[73,95],"diversity.":[74],"this":[76,86],"paper,":[77],"we":[78],"review":[79],"known":[80],"sources":[81],"existing":[83],"approaches":[84],"low-diversity":[87,118],"problem.":[88],"We":[89,107],"also":[90],"identify":[91],"source":[93],"has":[98],"little":[100],"studied":[101],"so":[102],"far,":[103],"namely":[104],"model":[105,113],"over-confidence.":[106],"sketch":[108],"several":[109],"directions":[110],"tackling":[112],"over-confidence":[114],"and,":[115],"hence,":[116],"problem,":[119],"including":[120],"confidence":[121],"penalties":[122],"label":[124],"smoothing.":[125]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}