{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2885607988","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w18-3725","title":"Contextualized Character Representation for Chinese Grammatical Error Diagnosis","display_name":"Contextualized Character Representation for Chinese Grammatical Error Diagnosis","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2885607988","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w18-3725","mag":"2885607988"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/w18-3725","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w18-3725","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3725.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3725.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102966970","display_name":"Jianbo Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3755-4691"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianbo Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications No.10 Xitucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications No.10 Xitucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100391315","display_name":"Si Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9823-3870"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Si Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications No.10 Xitucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications No.10 Xitucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100725252","display_name":"Zhiqing Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4370-9437"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiqing Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications No.10 Xitucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications No.10 Xitucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.08319804,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"172","last_page":"179"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","score":0.7950272560119629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7940614223480225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.6834797263145447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6649109721183777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.646846354007721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/term","display_name":"Term (time)","score":0.5248786807060242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.46199846267700195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/error-analysis","display_name":"Error analysis","score":0.46138978004455566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/long-short-term-memory","display_name":"Long short term memory","score":0.4548429250717163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.1664765477180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrent-neural-network","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","score":0.13696816563606262}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.7950272560119629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7940614223480225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.6834797263145447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6649109721183777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.646846354007721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.5248786807060242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.46199846267700195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018824978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2894891","display_name":"Error analysis","level":2,"score":0.46138978004455566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133488467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6673524","display_name":"Long short term memory","level":4,"score":0.4548429250717163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.1664765477180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.13696816563606262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/w18-3725","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w18-3725","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3725.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/w18-3725","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w18-3725","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3725.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7400000095367432}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5876998749","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017RC02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8858434837","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61702047","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2885607988.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2885607988.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2034038326","https://openalex.org/W2251157340","https://openalex.org/W2251703655","https://openalex.org/W2739922299","https://openalex.org/W2772206186","https://openalex.org/W2772980959","https://openalex.org/W2773910184","https://openalex.org/W2786748152","https://openalex.org/W2786997800","https://openalex.org/W2787190016","https://openalex.org/W2787402609","https://openalex.org/W2787617443","https://openalex.org/W2963277143"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4251972423","https://openalex.org/W1503216044","https://openalex.org/W2393609567","https://openalex.org/W2369369044","https://openalex.org/W2354143083","https://openalex.org/W2372906645","https://openalex.org/W4319998713","https://openalex.org/W2366269494","https://openalex.org/W2353650902","https://openalex.org/W4401807425"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Nowadays,":[0],"more":[1,3],"and":[2,57],"people":[4],"are":[5],"learning":[6],"Chinese":[7,18,32],"as":[8],"their":[9],"second":[10],"language.":[11],"Establishing":[12],"an":[13,23],"automatic":[14],"diagnosis":[15,35],"system":[16],"for":[17],"grammatical":[19,33],"error":[20,34],"has":[21],"become":[22],"important":[24],"challenge.":[25],"In":[26],"this":[27],"paper,":[28],"we":[29],"propose":[30],"a":[31],"(CGED)":[36],"model":[37,46,53],"with":[38],"contextualized":[39],"character":[40],"representation.":[41],"Compared":[42],"to":[43,62],"the":[44],"traditional":[45],"using":[47],"LST-M":[48],"(Long-Short":[49],"Term":[50],"Memory),":[51],"our":[52],"have":[54],"better":[55],"performance":[56],"there":[58],"is":[59],"no":[60],"need":[61],"add":[63],"too":[64],"many":[65],"artificial":[66],"features.":[67]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}