{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2887710902","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w18-3025","title":"Learning Distributional Token Representations from Visual Features","display_name":"Learning Distributional Token Representations from Visual Features","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2887710902","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w18-3025","mag":"2887710902"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/w18-3025","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w18-3025","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3025.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of The Third Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3025.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010181302","display_name":"Samuel Broscheit","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177802217","display_name":"University of Mannheim","ror":"https://ror.org/031bsb921","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177802217"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Samuel Broscheit","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177802217"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010181302"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177802217"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.169,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60154375,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"187","last_page":"194"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8301094174385071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-token","display_name":"Security token","score":0.782249927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.6928295493125916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6594040393829346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6536124348640442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6062951683998108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.5279219150543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5097364783287048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.4689224362373352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation","display_name":"Machine translation","score":0.4447176158428192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.4201192855834961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.237005352973938}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8301094174385071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.782249927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.6928295493125916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6594040393829346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6536124348640442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6062951683998108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.5279219150543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5097364783287048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.4689224362373352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.4447176158428192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.4201192855834961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.237005352973938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/w18-3025","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w18-3025","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3025.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of The Third Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ub-madoc.bib.uni-mannheim.de:45649","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401433","display_name":"MADOC (University of Mannheim)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I177802217","host_organization_name":"University of Mannheim","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177802217"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Konferenzver\u00f6ffentlichung"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/w18-3025","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w18-3025","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3025.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of The Third Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6100000143051147,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2887710902.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2887710902.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1902237438","https://openalex.org/W1938755728","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2096204319","https://openalex.org/W2110974939","https://openalex.org/W2146502635","https://openalex.org/W2153579005","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2525778437","https://openalex.org/W2531207078","https://openalex.org/W2604838247","https://openalex.org/W2626873800","https://openalex.org/W2896649846","https://openalex.org/W2899771611","https://openalex.org/W2903012348","https://openalex.org/W2949117887","https://openalex.org/W2951559648","https://openalex.org/W2952054097","https://openalex.org/W2962784628","https://openalex.org/W2962951088","https://openalex.org/W2963140597","https://openalex.org/W2963311793","https://openalex.org/W2963331233","https://openalex.org/W2964072233","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W2964325863","https://openalex.org/W4241499611","https://openalex.org/W4294170691"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4388335561","https://openalex.org/W2970530566","https://openalex.org/W2967478618","https://openalex.org/W2997152889","https://openalex.org/W4385009901","https://openalex.org/W2949968076","https://openalex.org/W2935811960","https://openalex.org/W2969407538","https://openalex.org/W2917049097","https://openalex.org/W2039892622"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,123],"this":[1,142],"study,":[2],"we":[3,68,101,125],"compare":[4],"token":[5,66,86],"representations":[6],"constructed":[7],"from":[8,31,35,78,90,137],"visual":[9,53,91,155,161],"features":[10,54,92,162],"(i.e.,":[11],"pixels)":[12],"with":[13],"standard":[14],"lookup-based":[15],"embeddings.":[16,99],"Our":[17],"goal":[18],"is":[19,129,143],"to":[20,80,97,131],"gain":[21],"insight":[22],"about":[23],"the":[24,65,70,109],"challenges":[25],"of":[26,72,163],"encoding":[27],"a":[28,44,50,85,113,119,133,144],"text":[29,134],"representation":[30,51,87,135],"low-level":[32],"features,":[33],"e.g.":[34],"characters":[36],"or":[37,157],"pixels.":[38,138],"We":[39,82,139],"focus":[40],"on":[41,154],"Chinese,":[42],"which-as":[43],"logographic":[45],"language-has":[46],"properties":[47],"that":[48,84,127,141,151],"make":[49],"via":[52],"challenging":[55],"and":[56,60,106,117],"interesting.":[57],"To":[58],"train":[59],"evaluate":[61],"different":[62,104],"models":[63],"for":[64,148],"representation,":[67],"chose":[69],"task":[71,116],"character-based":[73],"neural":[74],"machine":[75],"translation":[76],"(NMT)":[77],"Chinese":[79],"English.":[81],"found":[83],"computed":[88],"only":[89,136],"can":[93],"achieve":[94,132],"competitive":[95],"results":[96],"lookup":[98],"However,":[100],"also":[102,118],"show":[103,126],"strengths":[105],"weaknesses":[107],"in":[108,112],"models'":[110],"performance":[111],"part-ofspeech":[114],"tagging":[115],"semantic":[120],"similarity":[121],"task.":[122],"summary,":[124],"it":[128],"possible":[130],"hope":[140],"useful":[145],"stepping":[146],"stone":[147],"future":[149],"studies":[150],"exclusively":[152],"rely":[153],"input,":[156],"aim":[158],"at":[159],"exploiting":[160],"written":[164],"language.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}