{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2806806808","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w18-0908","title":"An LSTM-CRF Based Approach to Token-Level Metaphor Detection","display_name":"An LSTM-CRF Based Approach to Token-Level Metaphor Detection","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2806806808","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w18-0908","mag":"2806806808"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/w18-0908","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w18-0908","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0908.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Workshop on Figurative Language Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0908.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013862223","display_name":"Malay Pramanick","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4787-2485"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145894827","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur","ror":"https://ror.org/03w5sq511","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Malay Pramanick","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering IIT Kharagpur West Bengal, India -721302"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering IIT Kharagpur West Bengal, India -721302","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045191533","display_name":"Ashim Gupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1224-2755"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145894827","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur","ror":"https://ror.org/03w5sq511","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashim Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering IIT Kharagpur West Bengal, India -721302"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering IIT Kharagpur West Bengal, India -721302","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032809289","display_name":"Pabitra Mitra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1908-9813"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145894827","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur","ror":"https://ror.org/03w5sq511","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pabitra Mitra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering IIT Kharagpur West Bengal, India -721302"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering IIT Kharagpur West Bengal, India -721302","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013862223"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6632,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89777649,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"67","last_page":"75"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11148","display_name":"Language, Metaphor, and Cognition","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11148","display_name":"Language, Metaphor, and Cognition","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8058584928512573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/literal-and-figurative-language","display_name":"Literal and figurative language","score":0.8033014535903931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sarcasm","display_name":"Sarcasm","score":0.7885181903839111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-token","display_name":"Security token","score":0.7332159280776978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6475574970245361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metaphor","display_name":"Metaphor","score":0.5846019387245178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5535427331924438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.45997950434684753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/popularity","display_name":"Popularity","score":0.44266143441200256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3524013161659241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.11510390043258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.08488908410072327}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8058584928512573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46182478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7363315","display_name":"Literal and figurative language","level":2,"score":0.8033014535903931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776207355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191035","display_name":"Sarcasm","level":3,"score":0.7885181903839111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.7332159280776978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6475574970245361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778311575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18534","display_name":"Metaphor","level":2,"score":0.5846019387245178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5535427331924438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.45997950434684753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1357284","display_name":"Popularity","level":2,"score":0.44266143441200256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3524013161659241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.11510390043258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.08488908410072327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779975665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131361","display_name":"Irony","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/w18-0908","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w18-0908","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0908.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Workshop on Figurative Language Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/w18-0908","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w18-0908","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-0908.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Workshop on Figurative Language Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7300000190734863,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2806806808.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2806806808.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W56200336","https://openalex.org/W121758096","https://openalex.org/W161283806","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1531333757","https://openalex.org/W1614298861","https://openalex.org/W1934019294","https://openalex.org/W1940872118","https://openalex.org/W1980108377","https://openalex.org/W2052417512","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2110485445","https://openalex.org/W2117130368","https://openalex.org/W2126530744","https://openalex.org/W2131462252","https://openalex.org/W2141599568","https://openalex.org/W2147880316","https://openalex.org/W2153579005","https://openalex.org/W2158139315","https://openalex.org/W2158899491","https://openalex.org/W2181830759","https://openalex.org/W2250456113","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2250915238","https://openalex.org/W2251171769","https://openalex.org/W2296283641","https://openalex.org/W2404480901","https://openalex.org/W2470413457","https://openalex.org/W2507698410","https://openalex.org/W2510831875","https://openalex.org/W2515256889","https://openalex.org/W2521924953","https://openalex.org/W2740477570","https://openalex.org/W2950577311","https://openalex.org/W2952230511","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W3207342693","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W4254816979","https://openalex.org/W4294170691","https://openalex.org/W6738650124"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2980757524","https://openalex.org/W2733869487","https://openalex.org/W4312945876","https://openalex.org/W3107474891","https://openalex.org/W2498629578","https://openalex.org/W2276352040","https://openalex.org/W4205316385","https://openalex.org/W4287776258","https://openalex.org/W35174818","https://openalex.org/W4281395469"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automatic":[0],"processing":[1],"of":[2,21,26,38,58,76,86,111],"figurative":[3,39],"languages":[4],"is":[5,28],"gaining":[6],"popularity":[7],"in":[8],"NLP":[9],"community":[10],"for":[11,30,55,74],"their":[12,31],"ubiquitous":[13],"nature":[14],"and":[15,88],"increasing":[16],"volume.":[17],"In":[18,67],"this":[19,68],"era":[20],"web":[22],"2.0,":[23],"automatic":[24,56],"analysis":[25],"metaphors":[27,77],"important":[29],"extensive":[32],"usage.":[33],"Metaphors":[34],"are":[35],"a":[36,47,72,83],"part":[37],"language":[40],"that":[41],"compares":[42],"different":[43],"concepts,":[44],"often":[45],"on":[46],"cognitive":[48],"level.":[49],"Many":[50],"approaches":[51],"have":[52],"been":[53],"proposed":[54],"detection":[57,75],"metaphors,":[59],"even":[60],"using":[61,82],"sequential":[62,100],"models":[63],"or":[64],"neural":[65],"networks.":[66],"paper,":[69],"we":[70],"propose":[71],"method":[73,107],"at":[78],"the":[79,97],"token":[80],"level":[81],"hybrid":[84],"model":[85],"Bidirectional-LSTM":[87],"CRF.":[89],"We":[90],"used":[91],"fewer":[92],"features,":[93],"as":[94],"compared":[95],"to":[96],"previous":[98],"state-of-the-art":[99],"model.":[101],"On":[102],"experimentation":[103],"with":[104],"VUAMC,":[105],"our":[106],"obtained":[108],"an":[109],"F-score":[110],"0.674.":[112]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
