{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2527645446","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w16-6103","title":"Modelling Radiological Language with Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Networks","display_name":"Modelling Radiological Language with Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Networks","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2527645446","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w16-6103","mag":"2527645446"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/w16-6103","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w16-6103","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6103.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Health Text\n          Mining and Information Analysis","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6103.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017766847","display_name":"Savelie Cornegruta","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Savelie Cornegruta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020333682","display_name":"Robert Bakewell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7615-7894"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Bakewell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, UK","University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012258630","display_name":"Samuel J. Withey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3612-844X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200166805","display_name":"Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/00j161312","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200166805"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samuel Withey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, UK","Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200166805"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010581004","display_name":"Giovanni Montana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3942-3900"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giovanni Montana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, UK","King's College London, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"King's College London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017766847"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8835,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84634191,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"17","last_page":"27"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/negation","display_name":"Negation","score":0.8441697955131531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.833092451095581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.660115659236908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6448951959609985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependency","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","score":0.579174280166626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/term","display_name":"Term (time)","score":0.5437371730804443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/named-entity-recognition","display_name":"Named-entity recognition","score":0.5327990651130676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.5187330842018127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parsing","display_name":"Parsing","score":0.483963280916214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiological-weapon","display_name":"Radiological weapon","score":0.44461682438850403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.1803922951221466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.10626783967018127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.06968551874160767}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2185349","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190558","display_name":"Negation","level":2,"score":0.8441697955131531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.833092451095581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.660115659236908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6448951959609985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19768560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320727","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","level":2,"score":0.579174280166626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.5437371730804443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779135771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q403574","display_name":"Named-entity recognition","level":3,"score":0.5327990651130676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.5187330842018127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.483963280916214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190892606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3512464","display_name":"Radiological weapon","level":2,"score":0.44461682438850403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.1803922951221466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.10626783967018127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.06968551874160767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/w16-6103","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w16-6103","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6103.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Health Text\n          Mining and Information Analysis","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1609.08409","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1609.08409","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1609.08409","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2527645446","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1609.08409.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:kclpure.kcl.ac.uk:publications/776ae20f-a537-4bc5-8d1d-4be7194f8492","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/776ae20f-a537-4bc5-8d1d-4be7194f8492","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400216","display_name":"Research Portal (King's College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","host_organization_name":"King's College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Cornegruta, S, Bakewell, R, Withey, S & Montana, G 2016, Modelling Radiological Language with Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Networks. in EMNLP 2016 - 7th International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis, LOUHI 2016 - Proceedings of the Workshop. EMNLP 2016 - 7th International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis, LOUHI 2016 - Proceedings of the Workshop, pp. 17-27, EMNLP 2016 7th International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis, LOUHI 2016, Austin, United States, 5/11/2016.","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1609.08409","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1609.08409","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18653/v1/w16-6103","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w16-6103","pdf_url":"https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-6103.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Health Text\n          Mining and Information Analysis","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7599999904632568}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4074224340","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MC_PC_14105","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","funder_display_name":"Medical Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","display_name":"Medical Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03x94j517"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2527645446.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2527645446.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W8550301","https://openalex.org/W1165382972","https://openalex.org/W1498436455","https://openalex.org/W1521626219","https://openalex.org/W1550258693","https://openalex.org/W1561336026","https://openalex.org/W1810943226","https://openalex.org/W1962622193","https://openalex.org/W1967617151","https://openalex.org/W1999965501","https://openalex.org/W2039039096","https://openalex.org/W2049521800","https://openalex.org/W2114063639","https://openalex.org/W2115148430","https://openalex.org/W2117130368","https://openalex.org/W2123442489","https://openalex.org/W2146089916","https://openalex.org/W2146502635","https://openalex.org/W2147880316","https://openalex.org/W2150355110","https://openalex.org/W2156518033","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2250861254","https://openalex.org/W2250930514","https://openalex.org/W2296283641","https://openalex.org/W2384495648","https://openalex.org/W2399456070","https://openalex.org/W2950133940","https://openalex.org/W2952230511"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2963441585","https://openalex.org/W2988727696","https://openalex.org/W2803897130","https://openalex.org/W3004207921","https://openalex.org/W3170936934","https://openalex.org/W2977751835","https://openalex.org/W3122371403","https://openalex.org/W2116093010","https://openalex.org/W2963563735","https://openalex.org/W2998448492","https://openalex.org/W2010343387","https://openalex.org/W3045653389","https://openalex.org/W2943031643","https://openalex.org/W2989440663","https://openalex.org/W2735125076","https://openalex.org/W2743354079","https://openalex.org/W2598285986","https://openalex.org/W2963890461","https://openalex.org/W2799125718","https://openalex.org/W3121525843"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Motivated":[0],"by":[1],"the":[2,70,86,90,94,99],"need":[3],"to":[4,33,73,104],"automate":[5],"medical":[6,38],"information":[7],"extraction":[8],"from":[9,98],"free-text":[10],"radiological":[11,26],"reports,":[12,67],"we":[13,68,110],"present":[14],"a":[15,61,74,80,115],"bi-directional":[16],"long":[17],"short-term":[18],"memory":[19],"(BiLSTM)":[20],"neural":[21],"network":[22],"architecture":[23],"for":[24,118],"modelling":[25],"language.":[27],"The":[28],"model":[29,72],"has":[30],"been":[31],"used":[32],"address":[34],"two":[35],"NLP":[36],"tasks:":[37],"named-entity":[39],"recognition":[40],"(NER)":[41],"and":[42,79,93],"negation":[43,81],"detection.":[44],"We":[45],"investigate":[46],"whether":[47],"learning":[48],"several":[49],"types":[50],"of":[51,64,89],"word":[52],"embeddings":[53],"improves":[54],"BiLSTM's":[55],"performance":[56],"on":[57],"those":[58],"tasks.":[59,121],"Using":[60],"large":[62],"dataset":[63],"chest":[65],"x-ray":[66],"compare":[69],"proposed":[71],"baseline":[75],"dictionary-based":[76],"NER":[77],"system":[78,83],"detection":[82],"that":[84,112],"leverages":[85],"hand-crafted":[87],"rules":[88],"NegEx":[91],"algorithm":[92],"grammatical":[95],"relations":[96],"obtained":[97],"Stanford":[100],"Dependency":[101],"Parser.":[102],"Compared":[103],"these":[105],"more":[106],"traditional":[107],"rule-based":[108],"systems,":[109],"argue":[111],"BiLSTM":[113],"offers":[114],"strong":[116],"alternative":[117],"both":[119],"our":[120]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-23T06:14:38.165362","created_date":"2022-09-27T00:00:00"}